feat: Add BitWiseAndInRange algo with JUnit tests

Author: Tanmay-Singh3004

DIRECTORY.md

@@ -26,6 +26,7 @@
             * [BcdConversion](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Java/blob/master/src/main/java/com/thealgorithms/bitmanipulation/BcdConversion.java)
             * [BinaryPalindromeCheck](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Java/blob/master/src/main/java/com/thealgorithms/bitmanipulation/BinaryPalindromeCheck.java)
             * [BitSwap](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Java/blob/master/src/main/java/com/thealgorithms/bitmanipulation/BitSwap.java)
+            * [BitWiseAndInRange](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Java/blob/master/src/main/java/com/thealgorithms/bitmanipulation/BitWiseAndInRange.java)
             * [BooleanAlgebraGates](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Java/blob/master/src/main/java/com/thealgorithms/bitmanipulation/BooleanAlgebraGates.java)
             * [ClearLeftmostSetBit](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Java/blob/master/src/main/java/com/thealgorithms/bitmanipulation/ClearLeftmostSetBit.java)
             * [CountLeadingZeros](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Java/blob/master/src/main/java/com/thealgorithms/bitmanipulation/CountLeadingZeros.java)
@@ -664,6 +665,7 @@
             * [BcdConversionTest](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Java/blob/master/src/test/java/com/thealgorithms/bitmanipulation/BcdConversionTest.java)
             * [BinaryPalindromeCheckTest](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Java/blob/master/src/test/java/com/thealgorithms/bitmanipulation/BinaryPalindromeCheckTest.java)
             * [BitSwapTest](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Java/blob/master/src/test/java/com/thealgorithms/bitmanipulation/BitSwapTest.java)
+            * [BitWiseAndInRangeTest](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Java/blob/master/src/main/java/com/thealgorithms/bitmanipulation/BitWiseAndInRangeTest.java)
             * [BooleanAlgebraGatesTest](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Java/blob/master/src/test/java/com/thealgorithms/bitmanipulation/BooleanAlgebraGatesTest.java)
             * [ClearLeftmostSetBitTest](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Java/blob/master/src/test/java/com/thealgorithms/bitmanipulation/ClearLeftmostSetBitTest.java)
             * [CountLeadingZerosTest](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Java/blob/master/src/test/java/com/thealgorithms/bitmanipulation/CountLeadingZerosTest.java)

src/main/java/com/thealgorithms/bitmanipulation/BitWiseAndInRange.java

@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+package com.thealgorithms.bitmanipulation;
+
+/**
+ * This class provides a method to compute the bitwise AND of all integers within a given range [m, n].
+ *
+ * The Bitwise AND of Numbers Range is a useful algorithm that computes the bitwise AND of all integers within a given range [m, n].
+ *
+ ** Use Cases and Applications:
+ * <ul>
+ *   <li><b>Finding Common Prefix in Binary Representation:</b>
+ *     <p>The bitwise AND operation identifies common bit patterns among numbers. When applied to a range of numbers, it effectively highlights the highest common bits, essentially finding the "common prefix" of the binary representations within the range.</p>
+ *     <p>This is useful in cases where you need to compress data or perform range-based operations, such as in networking (for subnet calculations), IP range checks, or optimizing certain computations that rely on binary prefixes.</p>
+ *   </li>
+ *   <li><b>Efficient Range Queries:</b>
+ *     <p>In some algorithmic problems, you might want to check commonalities between consecutive numbers in a range. Instead of iterating over the entire range and performing individual AND operations, this algorithm helps compress that into a single step, improving performance.</p>
+ *   </li>
+ *   <li><b>Logical Grouping of Numbers:</b>
+ *     <p>In certain mathematical or data compression problems, grouping numbers based on their common binary patterns can be helpful. The bitwise AND of numbers over a range can act as a first step toward identifying such groups.</p>
+ *   </li>
+ *   <li><b>Optimization in Programming:</b>
+ *     <p>This operation can save time in situations where you're performing repetitive bitwise operations over large data sets, as it helps identify the "stable" bits across numbers in a range without computing it for every single pair.</p>
+ *   </li>
+ * </ul>
+ * For more information, refer to the
+ * <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitwise_operation">Bitwise operation</a> Wikipedia page.
+ *
+ * <b>Example usage:</b>
+ * <pre>
+ * int result = BitWiseAndInRange.rangeBitwiseAnd(5, 7);
+ * System.out.println("Bitwise AND of range [5, 7]: " + result); // Output: 4
+ * </pre>
+ * @author Tanmay Singh
+ */
+public final class BitWiseAndInRange {
+    private BitWiseAndInRange() {
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Computes the bitwise AND of all integers within the given range [m, n].
+     *
+     * @param m the start of the range (inclusive)
+     * @param n the end of the range (inclusive)
+     * @return the bitwise AND of all integers in the range [m, n]
+     */
+    public static int rangeBitwiseAnd(int m, int n) {
+        while (m < n) {
+            // Turn off the rightmost 1-bit of n
+            n = n & (n - 1);
+        }
+        return n;
+    }
+}

src/test/java/com/thealgorithms/bitmanipulation/BitWiseAndInRangeTest.java

@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+package com.thealgorithms.bitmanipulation;
+
+import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertEquals;
+
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
+
+/**
+ * Unit tests for the BitWiseAndInRange class.
+ */
+public class BitWiseAndInRangeTest {
+
+    /**
+     * Test the rangeBitwiseAnd method with a range that includes multiple numbers.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testRangeBitwiseAndMultipleNumbers() {
+        int result = BitWiseAndInRange.rangeBitwiseAnd(5, 7);
+        assertEquals(4, result); // Bitwise AND of range [5, 7] should be 4
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Test the rangeBitwiseAnd method with a range that includes a single number.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testRangeBitwiseAndSingleNumber() {
+        int result = BitWiseAndInRange.rangeBitwiseAnd(5, 5);
+        assertEquals(5, result); // Bitwise AND of range [5, 5] should be 5
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Test the rangeBitwiseAnd method with a range that includes zero.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testRangeBitwiseAndIncludesZero() {
+        int result = BitWiseAndInRange.rangeBitwiseAnd(0, 1);
+        assertEquals(0, result); // Bitwise AND of range [0, 1] should be 0
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Test the rangeBitwiseAnd method with a large range.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testRangeBitwiseAndLargeRange() {
+        int result = BitWiseAndInRange.rangeBitwiseAnd(0, 2147483647);
+        assertEquals(0, result); // Bitwise AND of range [0, 2147483647] should be 0
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Test the rangeBitwiseAnd method with a range that includes negative numbers.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testRangeBitwiseAndNegativeNumbers() {
+        int result = BitWiseAndInRange.rangeBitwiseAnd(-5, -3);
+        assertEquals(-8, result); // Bitwise AND of range [-5, -3] should be -8
+    }
+}