Merge branch 'master' into spiral-matrix-improve

Author: Hardvan

src/main/java/com/thealgorithms/others/MiniMaxAlgorithm.java

@@ -4,54 +4,99 @@
 import java.util.Random;
 
 /**
- * MiniMax is an algorithm used int artificial intelligence and game theory for
- * minimizing the possible loss for the worst case scenario.
+ * MiniMax is an algorithm used in artificial intelligence and game theory for
+ * minimizing the possible loss for the worst case scenario. It is commonly used
+ * in two-player turn-based games such as Tic-Tac-Toe, Chess, and Checkers.
  *
- * See more (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimax,
- * https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/minimax-algorithm-in-game-theory-set-1-introduction/).
+ * <p>
+ * The algorithm simulates all possible moves in a game tree and chooses the
+ * move that minimizes the maximum possible loss. The algorithm assumes both
+ * players play optimally.
+ *
+ * <p>
+ * Time Complexity: O(b^d) where b is the branching factor and d is the depth
+ * <p>
+ * Space Complexity: O(d) for the recursive call stack
+ *
+ * <p>
+ * See more:
+ * <ul>
+ * <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimax">Wikipedia - Minimax</a>
+ * <li><a href=
+ * "https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/minimax-algorithm-in-game-theory-set-1-introduction/">
+ * GeeksforGeeks - Minimax Algorithm</a>
+ * </ul>
  *
  * @author aitofi (https://github.com/aitorfi)
  */
-public class MiniMaxAlgorithm {
+public final class MiniMaxAlgorithm {
+
+    private static final Random RANDOM = new Random();
 
     /**
      * Game tree represented as an int array containing scores. Each array
-     * element is a leaf node.
+     * element is a leaf node. The array length must be a power of 2.
      */
     private int[] scores;
+
+    /**
+     * The height of the game tree, calculated as log2(scores.length).
+     */
     private int height;
 
     /**
-     * Initializes the scores with 8 random leaf nodes
+     * Initializes the MiniMaxAlgorithm with 8 random leaf nodes (2^3 = 8).
+     * Each score is a random integer between 1 and 99 inclusive.
      */
     public MiniMaxAlgorithm() {
-        scores = getRandomScores(3, 99);
-        height = log2(scores.length);
+        this(getRandomScores(3, 99));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Initializes the MiniMaxAlgorithm with the provided scores.
+     *
+     * @param scores An array of scores representing leaf nodes. The length must be
+     *               a power of 2.
+     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the scores array length is not a power of
+     *                                  2
+     */
+    public MiniMaxAlgorithm(int[] scores) {
+        if (!isPowerOfTwo(scores.length)) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("The number of scores must be a power of 2.");
+        }
+        this.scores = Arrays.copyOf(scores, scores.length);
+        this.height = log2(scores.length);
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Demonstrates the MiniMax algorithm with a random game tree.
+     *
+     * @param args Command line arguments (not used)
+     */
     public static void main(String[] args) {
-        MiniMaxAlgorithm miniMaxAlgorith = new MiniMaxAlgorithm();
+        MiniMaxAlgorithm miniMaxAlgorithm = new MiniMaxAlgorithm();
         boolean isMaximizer = true; // Specifies the player that goes first.
-        boolean verbose = true; // True to show each players choices.
         int bestScore;
 
-        bestScore = miniMaxAlgorith.miniMax(0, isMaximizer, 0, verbose);
+        bestScore = miniMaxAlgorithm.miniMax(0, isMaximizer, 0, true);
 
-        if (verbose) {
-            System.out.println();
-        }
-
-        System.out.println(Arrays.toString(miniMaxAlgorith.getScores()));
+        System.out.println();
+        System.out.println(Arrays.toString(miniMaxAlgorithm.getScores()));
         System.out.println("The best score for " + (isMaximizer ? "Maximizer" : "Minimizer") + " is " + bestScore);
     }
 
     /**
      * Returns the optimal score assuming that both players play their best.
      *
-     * @param depth Indicates how deep we are into the game tree.
-     * @param isMaximizer True if it is maximizers turn; otherwise false.
-     * @param index Index of the leaf node that is being evaluated.
-     * @param verbose True to show each players choices.
+     * <p>
+     * This method recursively evaluates the game tree using the minimax algorithm.
+     * At each level, the maximizer tries to maximize the score while the minimizer
+     * tries to minimize it.
+     *
+     * @param depth       The current depth in the game tree (0 at root).
+     * @param isMaximizer True if it is the maximizer's turn; false for minimizer.
+     * @param index       Index of the current node in the game tree.
+     * @param verbose     True to print each player's choice during evaluation.
      * @return The optimal score for the player that made the first move.
      */
     public int miniMax(int depth, boolean isMaximizer, int index, boolean verbose) {
@@ -75,7 +120,7 @@ public int miniMax(int depth, boolean isMaximizer, int index, boolean verbose) {
         }
 
         // Leaf nodes can be sequentially inspected by
-        // recurssively multiplying (0 * 2) and ((0 * 2) + 1):
+        // recursively multiplying (0 * 2) and ((0 * 2) + 1):
         // (0 x 2) = 0; ((0 x 2) + 1) = 1
         // (1 x 2) = 2; ((1 x 2) + 1) = 3
         // (2 x 2) = 4; ((2 x 2) + 1) = 5 ...
@@ -87,46 +132,73 @@ public int miniMax(int depth, boolean isMaximizer, int index, boolean verbose) {
     }
 
     /**
-     * Returns an array of random numbers which lenght is a power of 2.
+     * Returns an array of random numbers whose length is a power of 2.
      *
-     * @param size The power of 2 that will determine the lenght of the array.
-     * @param maxScore The maximum possible score.
-     * @return An array of random numbers.
+     * @param size     The power of 2 that will determine the length of the array
+     *                 (array length = 2^size).
+     * @param maxScore The maximum possible score (scores will be between 1 and
+     *                 maxScore inclusive).
+     * @return An array of random numbers with length 2^size.
      */
     public static int[] getRandomScores(int size, int maxScore) {
         int[] randomScores = new int[(int) Math.pow(2, size)];
-        Random rand = new Random();
 
         for (int i = 0; i < randomScores.length; i++) {
-            randomScores[i] = rand.nextInt(maxScore) + 1;
+            randomScores[i] = RANDOM.nextInt(maxScore) + 1;
         }
 
         return randomScores;
     }
 
-    // A utility function to find Log n in base 2
+    /**
+     * Calculates the logarithm base 2 of a number.
+     *
+     * @param n The number to calculate log2 for (must be a power of 2).
+     * @return The log2 of n.
+     */
     private int log2(int n) {
         return (n == 1) ? 0 : log2(n / 2) + 1;
     }
 
-    // A utility function to check if a number is a power of 2
+    /**
+     * Checks if a number is a power of 2.
+     *
+     * @param n The number to check.
+     * @return True if n is a power of 2, false otherwise.
+     */
     private boolean isPowerOfTwo(int n) {
         return n > 0 && (n & (n - 1)) == 0;
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Sets the scores array for the game tree.
+     *
+     * @param scores The array of scores. Length must be a power of 2.
+     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the scores array length is not a power of
+     *                                  2
+     */
     public void setScores(int[] scores) {
         if (!isPowerOfTwo(scores.length)) {
-            System.out.println("The number of scores must be a power of 2.");
-            return;
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("The number of scores must be a power of 2.");
         }
-        this.scores = scores;
+        this.scores = Arrays.copyOf(scores, scores.length);
         height = log2(this.scores.length);
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Returns a copy of the scores array.
+     *
+     * @return A copy of the scores array.
+     */
     public int[] getScores() {
-        return scores;
+        return Arrays.copyOf(scores, scores.length);
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Returns the height of the game tree.
+     *
+     * @return The height of the game tree (log2 of the number of leaf nodes).
+     */
     public int getHeight() {
         return height;
     }