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+# Black-Scholes Option Pricing Algorithm in R
+# Implements the Black-Scholes-Merton model for European option pricing
+# Features: Call/Put pricing, Greeks calculation, and implied volatility estimation
+
+library(R6)
+
+#' BlackScholesCalculator Class
+#' @description R6 class for option pricing using Black-Scholes model
+#' @details Calculates option prices and Greeks for European options
+#' Assumptions:
+#' - No dividend payments
+#' - European-style options (can only be exercised at expiration)
+#' - Log-normal distribution of stock prices
+#' - Constant risk-free rate and volatility
+#' - No transaction costs or taxes
+#' - Perfectly divisible securities
+BlackScholesCalculator <- R6Class(
+  "BlackScholesCalculator",
+  
+  public = list(
+    #' @description Initialize calculator with market parameters
+    #' @param r Risk-free interest rate (annualized)
+    #' @param include_checks Whether to perform parameter validation
+    initialize = function(r = 0.05, include_checks = TRUE) {
+      private$risk_free_rate <- r
+      private$validate_params <- include_checks
+      invisible(self)
+    },
+
+    #' @description Calculate call option price
+    #' @param S Current stock price
+    #' @param K Strike price
+    #' @param T Time to expiration (in years)
+    #' @param sigma Volatility (annualized)
+    calculate_call_price = function(S, K, T, sigma) {
+      if (private$validate_params) {
+        private$validate_inputs(S, K, T, sigma)
+      }
+      
+      d1 <- private$calculate_d1(S, K, T, sigma)
+      d2 <- private$calculate_d2(d1, sigma, T)
+      
+      call_price <- S * stats::pnorm(d1) - K * exp(-private$risk_free_rate * T) * stats::pnorm(d2)
+      return(call_price)
+    },
+
+    #' @description Calculate put option price
+    #' @param S Current stock price
+    #' @param K Strike price
+    #' @param T Time to expiration (in years)
+    #' @param sigma Volatility (annualized)
+    calculate_put_price = function(S, K, T, sigma) {
+      if (private$validate_params) {
+        private$validate_inputs(S, K, T, sigma)
+      }
+      
+      d1 <- private$calculate_d1(S, K, T, sigma)
+      d2 <- private$calculate_d2(d1, sigma, T)
+      
+      put_price <- K * exp(-private$risk_free_rate * T) * stats::pnorm(-d2) - S * stats::pnorm(-d1)
+      return(put_price)
+    },
+
+    #' @description Calculate all Greeks for a call option
+    #' @param S Current stock price
+    #' @param K Strike price
+    #' @param T Time to expiration (in years)
+    #' @param sigma Volatility (annualized)
+    calculate_call_greeks = function(S, K, T, sigma) {
+      if (private$validate_params) {
+        private$validate_inputs(S, K, T, sigma)
+      }
+      
+      d1 <- private$calculate_d1(S, K, T, sigma)
+      d2 <- private$calculate_d2(d1, sigma, T)
+      
+      # Calculate Greeks
+      delta <- stats::pnorm(d1)
+      gamma <- stats::dnorm(d1) / (S * sigma * sqrt(T))
+      theta <- (-S * stats::dnorm(d1) * sigma / (2 * sqrt(T)) - 
+                private$risk_free_rate * K * exp(-private$risk_free_rate * T) * stats::pnorm(d2))
+      vega <- S * sqrt(T) * stats::dnorm(d1)
+      rho <- K * T * exp(-private$risk_free_rate * T) * stats::pnorm(d2)
+      
+      return(list(
+        delta = delta,
+        gamma = gamma,
+        theta = theta,
+        vega = vega,
+        rho = rho
+      ))
+    },
+
+    #' @description Calculate all Greeks for a put option
+    #' @param S Current stock price
+    #' @param K Strike price
+    #' @param T Time to expiration (in years)
+    #' @param sigma Volatility (annualized)
+    calculate_put_greeks = function(S, K, T, sigma) {
+      if (private$validate_params) {
+        private$validate_inputs(S, K, T, sigma)
+      }
+      
+      d1 <- private$calculate_d1(S, K, T, sigma)
+      d2 <- private$calculate_d2(d1, sigma, T)
+      
+      # Calculate Greeks
+      delta <- stats::pnorm(d1) - 1
+      gamma <- stats::dnorm(d1) / (S * sigma * sqrt(T))
+      theta <- (-S * stats::dnorm(d1) * sigma / (2 * sqrt(T)) + 
+                private$risk_free_rate * K * exp(-private$risk_free_rate * T) * stats::pnorm(-d2))
+      vega <- S * sqrt(T) * stats::dnorm(d1)
+      rho <- -K * T * exp(-private$risk_free_rate * T) * stats::pnorm(-d2)
+      
+      return(list(
+        delta = delta,
+        gamma = gamma,
+        theta = theta,
+        vega = vega,
+        rho = rho
+      ))
+    },
+
+    #' @description Estimate implied volatility using Newton-Raphson method
+    #' @param market_price Observed market price of the option
+    #' @param S Current stock price
+    #' @param K Strike price
+    #' @param T Time to expiration (in years)
+    #' @param is_call Whether the option is a call (TRUE) or put (FALSE)
+    #' @param tolerance Convergence tolerance
+    #' @param max_iter Maximum iterations
+    estimate_implied_volatility = function(market_price, S, K, T, 
+                                         is_call = TRUE, tolerance = 1e-5, max_iter = 100) {
+      if (private$validate_params) {
+        if (market_price <= 0) stop("Market price must be positive")
+        private$validate_inputs(S, K, T, 0.5)  # Initial volatility check
+      }
+      
+      # Initial guess for volatility
+      sigma <- sqrt(2 * abs(log(S/K) + private$risk_free_rate * T) / T)
+      sigma <- min(max(0.1, sigma), 5)  # Bound initial guess
+      
+      for (i in 1:max_iter) {
+        # Calculate price and vega
+        if (is_call) {
+          price <- self$calculate_call_price(S, K, T, sigma)
+          greeks <- self$calculate_call_greeks(S, K, T, sigma)
+        } else {
+          price <- self$calculate_put_price(S, K, T, sigma)
+          greeks <- self$calculate_put_greeks(S, K, T, sigma)
+        }
+        
+        diff <- price - market_price
+        
+        if (abs(diff) < tolerance) {
+          return(sigma)
+        }
+        
+        # Update volatility estimate using Newton-Raphson
+        sigma <- sigma - diff / greeks$vega
+        
+        # Bound the volatility
+        sigma <- min(max(0.001, sigma), 5)
+      }
+      
+      warning("Implied volatility did not converge")
+      return(sigma)
+    }
+  ),
+  
+  private = list(
+    risk_free_rate = NULL,
+    validate_params = NULL,
+    
+    calculate_d1 = function(S, K, T, sigma) {
+      (log(S/K) + (private$risk_free_rate + sigma^2/2) * T) / (sigma * sqrt(T))
+    },
+    
+    calculate_d2 = function(d1, sigma, T) {
+      d1 - sigma * sqrt(T)
+    },
+    
+    validate_inputs = function(S, K, T, sigma) {
+      if (S <= 0) stop("Stock price must be positive")
+      if (K <= 0) stop("Strike price must be positive")
+      if (T <= 0) stop("Time to expiration must be positive")
+      if (sigma <= 0) stop("Volatility must be positive")
+    }
+  )
+)
+
+# Demonstration
+demonstrate_black_scholes <- function() {
+  cat("=== Black-Scholes Option Pricing Demo ===\n\n")
+  
+  # Initialize calculator
+  bs <- BlackScholesCalculator$new(r = 0.05)
+  
+  # Example parameters
+  S <- 100    # Current stock price
+  K <- 100    # Strike price
+  T <- 1      # One year to expiration
+  sigma <- 0.2 # 20% volatility
+  
+  # Calculate option prices
+  call_price <- bs$calculate_call_price(S, K, T, sigma)
+  put_price <- bs$calculate_put_price(S, K, T, sigma)
+  
+  cat("Parameters:\n")
+  cat(sprintf("Stock Price: $%.2f\n", S))
+  cat(sprintf("Strike Price: $%.2f\n", K))
+  cat(sprintf("Time to Expiration: %.1f years\n", T))
+  cat(sprintf("Volatility: %.1f%%\n", sigma * 100))
+  cat(sprintf("Risk-free Rate: %.1f%%\n\n", bs$risk_free_rate * 100))
+  
+  cat("Option Prices:\n")
+  cat(sprintf("Call Option: $%.2f\n", call_price))
+  cat(sprintf("Put Option: $%.2f\n\n", put_price))
+  
+  # Calculate and display Greeks
+  call_greeks <- bs$calculate_call_greeks(S, K, T, sigma)
+  put_greeks <- bs$calculate_put_greeks(S, K, T, sigma)
+  
+  cat("Call Option Greeks:\n")
+  cat(sprintf("Delta: %.4f\n", call_greeks$delta))
+  cat(sprintf("Gamma: %.4f\n", call_greeks$gamma))
+  cat(sprintf("Theta: %.4f\n", call_greeks$theta))
+  cat(sprintf("Vega: %.4f\n", call_greeks$vega))
+  cat(sprintf("Rho: %.4f\n\n", call_greeks$rho))
+  
+  cat("Put Option Greeks:\n")
+  cat(sprintf("Delta: %.4f\n", put_greeks$delta))
+  cat(sprintf("Gamma: %.4f\n", put_greeks$gamma))
+  cat(sprintf("Theta: %.4f\n", put_greeks$theta))
+  cat(sprintf("Vega: %.4f\n", put_greeks$vega))
+  cat(sprintf("Rho: %.4f\n\n", put_greeks$rho))
+  
+  # Demonstrate implied volatility calculation
+  test_market_price <- call_price * 1.1  # Use 10% higher price for demonstration
+  implied_vol <- bs$estimate_implied_volatility(test_market_price, S, K, T, is_call = TRUE)
+  cat("Implied Volatility Estimation:\n")
+  cat(sprintf("Market Price: $%.2f\n", test_market_price))
+  cat(sprintf("Implied Volatility: %.1f%%\n", implied_vol * 100))
+  
+  cat("\n=== Demo Complete ===\n")
+}
+
+# Run demonstration if not in interactive mode
+if (!interactive()) {
+  demonstrate_black_scholes()
+}
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