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-**Ordering matters**: Good elimination orders (e.g., interleaved for HMMs) keep frontier width ≈ O(1), achieving O(K·T) cost. Bad orders (e.g., states-first) explode to O(K^T).
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-**Complexity**: With good (interleaved) ordering, HMM marginalization achieves **O(T·K²)** complexity (linear in T). Bad orderings (e.g., states-first) explode to O(K^T) by enumerating all state sequences. Frontier width measures active discrete variables: good orders keep it ≈ O(1), bad orders reach O(T).
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-**Heuristics**: Min-fill and min-degree with randomized tie-breaking (3 restarts) find good orders for arbitrary graphical models.
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-**HDP-HMM**: Both correctness and gradient scripts use the sticky HDP-HMM formulation with kappa (κ) parameter. Set AHDPC_KAPPA/AHDPG_KAPPA to control sticky self-transition bias. κ=0 is standard HDP-HMM, κ>0 adds self-transition preference.
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-**Scaling**: Sweep includes K up to 2048 states and T up to 6400 time steps to clearly show asymptotic O(T·K²) complexity beyond JIT/overhead regime. On log-log plot (time vs T, fixed K), expect slope=1 at large T. Parallel lines vertically shifted by ≈2·log(K) demonstrate tractability even with huge state spaces.
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-**Output**: All scripts write CSV to stdout. Redirect as needed: `> results/output.csv`
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