Question 1 threw me off when it introduced the concept of shallow vs deep copy, because the example would actually work with a shallow copy. It doesn't work with a plain assignment and then introduces deepcopy as a fix even though copy (which was introduced before) would have the same effect. The example should be reworked to actually require deepcopy or make a clearer distinction of the three options. Also there is a minor issue with the cell execution order being confusing, because you have to go 2 cells back to reinitialize a to see the fix working.