diff --git a/include/xrpl/protocol/TER.h b/include/xrpl/protocol/TER.h
index 64201881b07..c6742c6acbc 100644
--- a/include/xrpl/protocol/TER.h
+++ b/include/xrpl/protocol/TER.h
@@ -342,9 +342,10 @@ enum TECcodes : TERUnderlyingType {
     tecLIMIT_EXCEEDED = 195,
     tecPSEUDO_ACCOUNT = 196,
     tecPRECISION_LOSS = 197,
-    // DEPRECATED: This error code tecNO_DELEGATE_PERMISSION is reserved for
-    // backward compatibility with historical data on non-prod networks, can be
-    // reclaimed after those networks reset.
+    // DEPRECATED: tecNO_DELEGATE_PERMISSION is reserved for backward
+    // compatibility with historical data on non-prod networks only.
+    // TODO(deprecation): Remove this entry and reclaim value 198 once all
+    // non-prod networks that recorded this code have been reset.
     tecNO_DELEGATE_PERMISSION = 198,
 };
 
diff --git a/src/libxrpl/protocol/Permissions.cpp b/src/libxrpl/protocol/Permissions.cpp
index 47fc0d28b6c..686b6376c1c 100644
--- a/src/libxrpl/protocol/Permissions.cpp
+++ b/src/libxrpl/protocol/Permissions.cpp
@@ -67,6 +67,11 @@ Permission::Permission()
 #pragma pop_macro("PERMISSION")
     };
 
+    XRPL_ASSERT(
+        txFeatureMap_.size() == delegableTx_.size(),
+        "xrpl::Permission : txFeatureMap_ and delegableTx_ must have same "
+        "size");
+
     for ([[maybe_unused]] auto const& permission : granularPermissionMap_)
     {
         XRPL_ASSERT(
diff --git a/src/libxrpl/tx/transactors/delegate/DelegateUtils.cpp b/src/libxrpl/tx/transactors/delegate/DelegateUtils.cpp
index d9d74a1212c..38f02593865 100644
--- a/src/libxrpl/tx/transactors/delegate/DelegateUtils.cpp
+++ b/src/libxrpl/tx/transactors/delegate/DelegateUtils.cpp
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ NotTEC
 checkTxPermission(std::shared_ptr<SLE const> const& delegate, STTx const& tx)
 {
     if (!delegate)
-        return terNO_DELEGATE_PERMISSION;  // LCOV_EXCL_LINE
+        return terNO_DELEGATE_PERMISSION;
 
     auto const permissionArray = delegate->getFieldArray(sfPermissions);
     auto const txPermission = tx.getTxnType() + 1;
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ loadGranularPermission(
     std::unordered_set<GranularPermissionType>& granularPermissions)
 {
     if (!delegate)
-        return;  // LCOV_EXCL_LINE
+        return;
 
     auto const permissionArray = delegate->getFieldArray(sfPermissions);
     for (auto const& permission : permissionArray)
diff --git a/src/libxrpl/tx/transactors/payment/Payment.cpp b/src/libxrpl/tx/transactors/payment/Payment.cpp
index 5f2a78917cf..27c54b8323a 100644
--- a/src/libxrpl/tx/transactors/payment/Payment.cpp
+++ b/src/libxrpl/tx/transactors/payment/Payment.cpp
@@ -252,6 +252,7 @@ Payment::checkPermission(ReadView const& view, STTx const& tx)
         tx.isFieldPresent(sfPaths))
         return terNO_DELEGATE_PERMISSION;
 
+    // PaymentMint and PaymentBurn apply to both IOU and MPT direct payments.
     if (granularPermissions.contains(PaymentMint) && !isXRP(amountAsset) &&
         amountAsset.getIssuer() == tx[sfAccount])
         return tesSUCCESS;
diff --git a/src/test/app/Batch_test.cpp b/src/test/app/Batch_test.cpp
index adc36e4340f..e2d109a65e9 100644
--- a/src/test/app/Batch_test.cpp
+++ b/src/test/app/Batch_test.cpp
@@ -4154,8 +4154,12 @@ class Batch_test : public beast::unit_test::suite
             std::vector<TestLedgerData> testCases = {
                 {0, "Batch", "tesSUCCESS", batchID, std::nullopt},
                 {1, "TrustSet", "tesSUCCESS", txIDs[0], batchID},
+                // jv2 fails with terNO_DELEGATE_PERMISSION.
             };
             validateClosedLedger(env, testCases);
+
+            // verify jv2 is not present in the closed ledger.
+            BEAST_EXPECT(env.rpc("tx", txIDs[1])[jss::result][jss::error] == "txnNotFound");
         }
     }
 
diff --git a/src/test/app/Delegate_test.cpp b/src/test/app/Delegate_test.cpp
index 2618a95d0d0..8e3e26679ed 100644
--- a/src/test/app/Delegate_test.cpp
+++ b/src/test/app/Delegate_test.cpp
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@
 
 #include <xrpl/protocol/Feature.h>
 #include <xrpl/protocol/Permissions.h>
+#include <xrpl/tx/transactors/delegate/DelegateUtils.h>
 
 namespace xrpl {
 namespace test {
@@ -1721,6 +1722,21 @@ class Delegate_test : public beast::unit_test::suite
                 "\n  Action: Verify security requirements to interact with Delegation feature");
     }
 
+    void
+    testDelegateUtilsNullptrCheck()
+    {
+        testcase("DelegateUtils nullptr check");
+
+        // checkTxPermission nullptr check
+        STTx const tx{ttPAYMENT, [](STObject&) {}};
+        BEAST_EXPECT(checkTxPermission(nullptr, tx) == terNO_DELEGATE_PERMISSION);
+
+        // loadGranularPermission nullptr check
+        std::unordered_set<GranularPermissionType> granularPermissions;
+        loadGranularPermission(nullptr, ttPAYMENT, granularPermissions);
+        BEAST_EXPECT(granularPermissions.empty());
+    }
+
     void
     run() override
     {
@@ -1746,6 +1762,7 @@ class Delegate_test : public beast::unit_test::suite
         testPermissionValue(all);
         testTxRequireFeatures(all);
         testTxDelegableCount();
+        testDelegateUtilsNullptrCheck();
     }
 };
 BEAST_DEFINE_TESTSUITE(Delegate, app, xrpl);