lib: add process.loadedModules list

Add a new `process.loadedModules` property that returns an array
of public core module names that have been loaded during the current
Node.js process execution. This provides a cleaner, documented API
for accessing loaded module information compared to the undocumented
`process.moduleLoadList`.

Fixes: nodejs#41233
Refs: nodejs#61276

Author: Xstoudi

doc/api/process.md

@@ -2696,6 +2696,30 @@ process.kill(process.pid, 'SIGHUP');
 When `SIGUSR1` is received by a Node.js process, Node.js will start the
 debugger. See [Signal Events][].
 
+## `process.loadedModules`
+
+<!-- YAML
+added: REPLACEME
+-->
+
+* Type: {string\[]}
+  The `process.loadedModules` property returns an array of core modules that
+  were loaded during the current Node.js process execution.
+
+```mjs
+import process from 'node:process';
+
+console.log(process.loadedModules);
+// ['events', 'buffer', 'diagnostics_channel', 'async_hooks', ...]
+```
+
+```cjs
+const process = require('node:process');
+
+console.log(process.loadedModules);
+// ['events', 'buffer', 'diagnostics_channel', 'async_hooks', ...]
+```
+
 ## `process.loadEnvFile(path)`
 
 <!-- YAML

lib/internal/bootstrap/realm.js

@@ -80,6 +80,15 @@ ObjectDefineProperty(process, 'moduleLoadList', {
   writable: false,
 });
 
+// Set up process.loadedModules
+const loadedModules = [];
+ObjectDefineProperty(process, 'loadedModules', {
+  __proto__: null,
+  get() { return ArrayPrototypeSlice(loadedModules); },
+  configurable: true,
+  enumerable: true,
+});
+
 
 // processBindingAllowList contains the name of bindings that are allowed
 // for access via process.binding(). This is used to provide a transition
@@ -405,6 +414,9 @@ class BuiltinModule {
     // "NativeModule" is a legacy name of "BuiltinModule". We keep it
     // here to avoid breaking users who parse process.moduleLoadList.
     ArrayPrototypePush(moduleLoadList, `NativeModule ${id}`);
+    if (!StringPrototypeStartsWith(id, 'internal/')) {
+      ArrayPrototypePush(loadedModules, id);
+    }
     return this.exports;
   }
 }