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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="zxx">
<head>
<meta charset="utf-8">
<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
<!-- The above 3 meta tags *must* come first in the head; any other head content must come *after* these tags -->
<meta name="robots" content="index, follow">
<meta name="keywords"
content="HTML5 Template, Themeforest, agency, blog, business, clean, corporate, creative, modern, one page, photography, portfolio">
<meta name="description"
content="Discover Oscarthemes - Business HTML5 Template, responsive Bootstrap templates, & HTML templates">
<meta name="theme-color" content="#4b6fff">
<title>LAyering Growth</title>
<!-- Bootstrap -->
<link href="static/css/bootstrap.css" rel="stylesheet">
<link href="static/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet" >
<!--Boostrap Font css-->
<link href="static/fonts/bootstrap-icons.css">
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<link href="static/css/style.css" rel="stylesheet">
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<link href="static/css/responsive.css" rel="stylesheet">
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<link href="https://api.mapbox.com/mapbox-gl-js/v3.0.1/mapbox-gl.css" rel="stylesheet">
<script src="https://api.mapbox.com/mapbox-gl-js/v3.0.1/mapbox-gl.js"></script>
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<link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/font-awesome/5.15.4/css/all.min.css" integrity="sha512-1ycn6IcaQQ40/MKBW2W4Rhis/DbILU74C1vSrLJxCq57o941Ym01SwNsOMqvEBFlcgUa6xLiPY/NS5R+E6ztJQ==" crossorigin="anonymous">
</head>
<body class="grad-version" >
<!-- LOADER -->
<div id="loader-overflow">
</div>
<div class="main-wrapper">
<!-- Header Start -->
<header id="header" class="oscar-header-4">
<!-- Navigation Outer Wrap Start -->
<div class="nav-outer sticky-header">
<div class="container">
<div class="pull-right menu-holder">
<div class="mobile-menu"></div>
<div id="opg-nav" class="main-menu navigation">
<nav>
<ul>
<li><a href="#UrbanHistory">Urban History</a></li>
<li><a href="#population">Population</a></li>
<li><a href="#Metro">Metro Change</a></li>
<li><a href="#Built-up">Built-up Area</a></li>
<li><a href="#AirQuality">Sustainability</a></li>
<li><a href="#GreenSpace">Conclusion</a></li>
<!-- <li><a href="#contact">Contact</a></li> -->
</ul>
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<div id="carouselExampleIndicatorsfirstpage" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="carousel">
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<button type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselExampleIndicators" data-bs-slide-to="2" aria-label="Slide 3"></button>
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</div> -->
<!-- Carousel Slides -->
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<!-- Content of Slide 1 -->
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</div>
</div>
<!-- Static Content in Carousel Caption for all slides -->
<div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block text-center">
<h1><span style="color: rgb(66, 220, 255);">LA</span>yering Growth </h1>
<p style="font-size: 25px;">An exploration into Urban Expansion and Sustainability in Los Angeles.</p>
</div>
<!-- Carousel Controls -->
<!-- <button class="carousel-control-prev" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselExampleIndicators" data-bs-slide="prev">
<span class="carousel-control-prev-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span>
</button>
<button class="carousel-control-next" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselExampleIndicators" data-bs-slide="next">
<span class="carousel-control-next-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span>
</button> -->
</div>
<!--End of Switching Tab-->
<!-- Urban expansion Section Start -->
<section id="UrbanHistory" class="gray-bg">
<div class="container" >
<!-- Section Heading Start -->
<div class="text-center" id="identify">
<!-- <h2 class="title">Urban expansion</h2> -->
<p style="font-size: 18px;">Urban expansion or suburban expansion, is a process of suburban urbanisation in which the urban population
grows significantly outward, encroaching on the rural areas on the urban fringe and creating low-density, monofunctional, often car-dependent communities. In addition to describing the pattern of a particular urbanisation process,
the term also often relates to its social and environmental consequences.</p>
<p style="font-size: 18px;">For example,
<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150926003140/https://www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/casa/pdf/paper70.pdf" target="_blank" style="text-decoration: underline; text-decoration-style: dotted; color: inherit;">Batty</a>
defines sprawl as 'uncoordinated growth: the expansion of communities without regard to
consequences; in short, unplanned, incremental urban growth that is often considered unsustainable.’
Bhatta wrote in 2010 that while the exact definition of sprawl is debated, it is 'widely accepted that urban sprawl is characterised by a pattern of unplanned and uneven growth,
which is driven by multiple processes and leads to inefficient use of resources. '</p>
</div>
<div class="text-center" id="history" style="margin-top: 100px;">
<h1>Urban History</h1>
</div>
<!-- Modal -->
<div class="modal fade" id="imageModal" tabindex="-1" role="dialog" aria-labelledby="imageModalLabel" aria-hidden="true">
<div class="modal-dialog modal-xl" role="document" id="his-pic">
<div class="modal-content">
<div class="modal-header">
<h3 class="modal-title" id="imageModalLabel">Urban History of Los Angeles</h3>
<button type="button" class="close" data-dismiss="modal" aria-label="Close">
<span aria-hidden="true">×</span>
</button>
</div>
<div class="modal-body">
<img src="static/images/urban_extent.png" alt="Descriptive Alt Text" class="img-fluid">
</div>
<div class="modal-footer">
<a href="https://www.laalmanac.com/history/hi09.php" class="btn btn-primary active" role="button" aria-pressed="true" target="_blank" data-toggle="tooltip" data-placement="top" title="Read more about environmental data">Read More</a>
<button type="button" class="btn btn-secondary" data-dismiss="modal">Close</button>
</div>
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</div>
</div>
<!-- Section Heading End -->
<div class="col-md-12 col-sm-6">
<!-- Features Thumb Start -->
<div class="features-thumb-2 radius-5" id="his-list">
<div class="focus">
<div id="carousel-example-generic" class="carousel slide" data-ride="carousel">
<!-- <div class="carousel-indicators">
<button type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselExampleIndicators" data-bs-slide-to="0" class="active" aria-current="true" aria-label="Slide 1"></button>
<button type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselExampleIndicators" data-bs-slide-to="1" aria-label="Slide 2"></button>
<button type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselExampleIndicators" data-bs-slide-to="2" aria-label="Slide 3"></button>
<button type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselExampleIndicators" data-bs-slide-to="3" aria-label="Slide 4"></button>
</div> -->
<!-- Wrapper for slides showing image -->
<div class="carousel-inner" role="listbox">
<div class="item active">
<img src="static/images/la_1850.png" alt="...">
<div class="carousel-caption">
Los Angeles County's original boundaries, when California first became a state,
included present-day Orange County and portions of present-day Ventura and Riverside Counties.
</div>
</div>
<div class="item">
<img src="static/images/la_1852.png" alt="...">
<div class="carousel-caption">
For a brief time, Los Angeles County's boundaries were considerably extended to absorb portions of neighboring Mariposa and San Diego Counties. It created the largest expansion of the county,
reaching as far as California's current state line with neighboring Nevada and Arizona.
</div>
</div>
<div class="item">
<img src="static/images/la_1853.png" alt="...">
<div class="carousel-caption">
The eastern portion of the couty was split off to form newly-established San Bernardino County.
Los Angeles County continued to include all of present-day Orange County and portions of present-day Ventura and Kern Counties.
</div>
</div>
<div class="item">
<img src="static/images/la_1866.png" alt="...">
<div class="carousel-caption">
Los Angeles County's boundaries contracted further after its northern portion broke off
to become part of newly-established Kern County.
</div>
</div>
<div class="item">
<img src="static/images/la_1873.png" alt="...">
<div class="carousel-caption">
After a portion was carved out to became part of newly-established Ventura County in 1873,
Los Angeles County was reduced to almost all of what is now its
present-day territory and all of what is present-day Orange County.
</div>
</div>
<div class="item">
<img src="static/images/la_1889.png" alt="...">
<div class="carousel-caption">
Los Angeles County was further reduced in
size when its southern portion split off to establish the new Orange County.
</div>
</div>
<div class="item">
<img src="static/images/la_2001.png" alt="...">
<div class="carousel-caption">
Since 1889, only very small adjustments were made to Los Angeles County's boundaries.
The most recent was in 2001 when a small portion of northwestern Los Angeles County was transferred over to Kern County,
so that residents there could be more conveniently served by that county.
</div>
</div>
</div>
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</a>
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<span class="glyphicon glyphicon-chevron-right" aria-hidden="true"></span>
<span class="sr-only">Next</span>
</a>
</div>
</div>
<div class="button-container">
<button type="button" class="btn btn-secondary btn-lg" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#imageModal">View Historical Boundaries</button>
</div>
</div>
<!-- Features Thumb Start -->
</div>
</section>
<section id="population">
<!-- Static Banner Wrap -->
<div class="main-banner" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 80px;" id="population-tran">
<div class="container">
<!--the carousel for the first page-->
<div class="row d-lg-flex align-items-lg-center" >
<div class="section-heading-2 text-left mb-61" style="margin-bottom: 10px;">
<h1>Population</h1>
</div>
<!-- First section with smaller paragraph content -->
<!-- Second section with larger first chart -->
<div class="col-md-6">
<div class="banner-thumb">
<canvas id="populationChangeChart2" height="500"></canvas>
</div>
</div>
<!-- Third section with larger second chart -->
<div class="col-md-6">
<div class="banner-thumb2">
<canvas id="populationChangeChart1" height="500"></canvas>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div>
<div class="banner-caption-wrap">
<p id="animated-text-population-1" style="color: black; font-size: 18px;">The data presented in the charts above
highlights the population trends in Los Angeles County from 1990 to 2020. The continuous upward trajectory in population figures, as seen in the left chart,
demonstrates significant growth from approximately 8.9 million in 1990 to over 10 million by 2020. </p>
<p id="animated-text-population-2" style="color: black; font-size: 18px;">The right chart provides a comparative
analysis of percentage changes in population over three decades across Los Angeles, California,
and the USA. Notably, each decade shows a progressive decline in growth rate for Los Angeles, reflecting emerging challenges in urban sustainability and possible saturation points in urban development.
The 1990-2000 decade experienced a 7.4% increase, while subsequent decades saw reduced growth rates.</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<!-- /Static Banner Wrap -->
</section>
<section id="populationmap">
<!-- oscar Contant Wrapper Start-->
<div id="main-contant" class="main-contant">
<!-- Featured Section Start -->
<div id="popu-map">
<!-- Featured Item Section Start -->
<div class="featured-slider-section" >
<div class="container" >
<!-- Population Map by city name -->
<!-- <div class="row featured-slider featured-slider-2"> -->
<div>
<h3>Population Density in Los Angeles County</h3>
<p>Los Angeles has experienced significant urban expansion since the late 20th century, with population density
escalating particularly in the metropolitan areas. This growth
has not only redefined the cityscape but has also pushed the boundaries of urban planning and sustainability. </p>
<a href="https://xuzihan-010.github.io/Casa003.github.io/populationmap.html" class="btn btn-primary btn-lg active" role="button" aria-pressed="true" target="_blank">Try Interactive Map</a>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</section>
<section id="Metro" class="gray-bg">
<!-- Static Banner Wrap Metro Map -->
<div class="container" id="metro">
<div class="row d-lg-flex align-items-lg-center">
<div class="section-heading-2 text-left mb-61" style="margin-bottom: 10px;">
<h1>Metro Rail Change</h1>
</div>
<p>Los Angeles once had the world's largest tram system, with the famous "Red Cars" of the Pacific Electric Railway and the "Yellow Cars" of the Los Angeles Railway. However, as cars became more common and the city grew, the tram system declined. Starting in the 1950s, suburbanization and highway construction reduced tram demand, leading to service closures or conversions to buses.<br>
In the 1980s, LA faced severe traffic congestion. To combat this, the government levied sales taxes to build a new rail network. The A Line opened in 1990, marking rail transit's return. Subsequent years saw the opening of underground railways and more light rail lines, including the first underground line in 1993.<br>
As the city expanded, LA's rail network grew, with lines like the C Line (1995), E Line (2012), and K Line (2022). These projects aimed to improve public transit and ease congestion.<br>
</p>
<div class="col-md-3">
<p>
<br>
<span style="color: #32CD32;">---- A line (1990) </span><br>
<!-- Light green for line A -->
<span style="color: #FFC0CB;">---- B&D lines (1993)</span><br>
<!-- Pink for lines B&D -->
<span style="color: #8B0000;">---- C line (1995)</span><br>
<!-- Dark red for line C -->
<span style="color: #006400;">---- E line (2012)</span><br>
<!-- Dark green for line E -->
<span style="color: #000000;">---- K line and others which are still under
construction</span><br> <!-- Dark green for line E -->
</p>
<br><br>
<p style="color: black;">*Note that: <br>
1. B & D Lines are combined together. <br>
2. The Airport Metro Connector and Aviation/Century Station of K line won’t
be in service until late 2024
</p>
<br><br>
<p style="text-align: right;">Data From: <a href="https://developer.metro.net/gis-data/" target="_blank" class="readmore-btn th-cl">LA Metro</a></p>
</div>
<div id="map1" class="map-container_metro">1</div>
</div>
</div>
<!-- /Static Banner Wrap -->
</section>
<!-- Features Section End -->
<section class="gray-bg" id="Built-up" style="margin-bottom: 0;">
<div class="container" id="buildup">
<div class="section-heading-2 text-left mb-61" style="margin-bottom: 5px;">
<h1>Human Settlement Built-up Areas Change <br> 1975-2020</h1>
<p>The images illustrate the changes in the distribution of human settlement built-up surfaces in Los Angeles over a period of 45 years, with data covering both the total built-up surface and the built-up surface allocated to dominant non-residential (NRES) uses.</p>
</div>
<div class="col-md-8">
<div class="section-heading-2 text-center mb-61">
<div class="image-container" style="position: relative;">
<img id="image" src="" alt="Image showing changes in built-up areas">
<div id="year-display" class="year-display">1975</div>
</div>
<input type="range" id="slider" min="1975" max="2020" value="1975" step="15">
<p style="text-align: left; margin-top: 10px;">*Using the WGS84 coordinate system, with a resolution of 3 arcseconds.</p>
<p style="text-align: left; margin-top: 0;">Data From: <a href="https://human-settlement.emergency.copernicus.eu/download.php" target="_blank" class="readmore-btn th-cl">GHSL</a></p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="col-md-4">
<div>
<p>
We can observe that with the increase in years, there are more white areas visible within the image, especially at the boundaries, indicating continuous expansion of the city over the 45-year period.
<br>
In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, with the discovery of oil, Los Angeles began to rise and rapidly developed into the largest city in the American West. After World War II, the rise of modern industry, commerce, finance, and tourism flourished, and the urban area continued to expand outward. Even though the city was already very prosperous before 1975, as shown in the image, the urban architecture continued to expand after that year.
</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</section>
<!-- Blog Section Start -->
<section id="AirQuality" style="margin-top: 0; padding-top: 20px;">
<div class="container" id="airQuality" >
<!-- Section Heading Start -->
<div class="intro-section section-heading-2 mb-61" style="margin-bottom: 10px;">
<h1>Sustainablity in Los Angeles</h1>
</div>
<!-- Section Heading End -->
<div class="row">
<div class="col-md-6 col-sm-6">
<!-- /Blog Thumb Start -->
<div class="blog-thumb" style="color: black;">
<div class="text" id="airQuality-text">
<h3 class="title">Trends in different type of Air Quality Days (1980-2020)</a></h3>
<p id="airquality-text1">According to the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA),
various air quality indicators are used to classify air quality into different categories such as Good Days, Moderate Days, and Unhealthy Days.
<br>
This line graph illustrates the annual count of days classified as 'Moderate' in
terms of air quality from 1980 to 2020.
The data provides insight into the fluctuations and trends in air quality over
four decades.</p>
<p id="airquality-text2">We can see that the number of days with good air quality has been increasing year by year,
while unhealthy days do not show such a steady trend.
In 2010, there was a trough in unhealthy days, and at the same time,
we can see a peak in moderate days in the same year, which is somewhat strange. </p>
<p id="airquality-text3">One possible explanation is the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) established in 2008,
which scientists considered too loose, resulting in some days that should have been classified as unhealthy being categorized as moderate.
This also led to the public not being alerted to these days of unhealthy air.
Subsequently, based on the unanimous recommendation of the independent board of air experts and scientists established under the Clean Air Act,
the standards were updated in 2013,
which to some extent explains why there were no more seemingly 'abnormal' data in 2020. </p>
<a href="https://environmentamerica.org/resources/danger-in-the-air-unhealthy-air-days-in-2010-and-2011/" target="_blank" class="readmore-btn th-cl">Read More </a>
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<p style="text-align: right;">Data From: <a href="https://aqs.epa.gov/aqsweb/airdata/download_files.html#main-content" target="_blank" class="readmore-btn th-cl">epa.gov</a></p>
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<h1 class="title">PM2.5 & Water Quality</h1>
<h5>PM2.5, consisting of fine particulate matter from vehicles and industrial activities, poses substantial health
risks, particularly in rapidly growing urban centers such as Los Angeles. Alongside water quality, these environmental
factors are crucial for monitoring to safeguard public health and guide infrastructural decisions.</h5>
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<h2>Conclusion</h2>
<p>Over the past century, Los Angeles has experienced rapid growth from a small county of 50,000 people to the largest county in the western United States.
This rapid expansion has placed significant environmental pressures on the city.
<br><br>
In recent years, Los Angeles has dedicated itself to sustainable development,
aiming to strike a balance between environmental protection and urban growth.
Measures such as promoting green buildings and enhancing public transportation have been implemented to improve air and water quality.
As a result, Los Angeles has become a global model for sustainable development.</p>
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