[API Coherence] API Coherence Report - March 7, 2026: BitVector, Array, Floating-Point APIs

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Summary

This is the second API coherence analysis run for the Z3 theorem prover. This run focused on verifying previously reported issues and analyzing three new API families: BitVector operations, Array theory, and Floating-point APIs.

APIs Analyzed in This Run:

• BitVector operations (Z3_mk_bv*, rotate, sign_ext, zero_ext)
• Array theory APIs (Z3_mk_select, Z3_mk_store, Z3_mk_array_*)
• Floating-point APIs (Z3_mk_fpa_*, Z3_fpa_*)

Languages Covered: Python, Java, .NET (C#), C++, TypeScript/JavaScript, OCaml, Go, Rust (external crate)

Statistics:

• Total API families analyzed to date: 5/~20 (25%)
• Previously cached issues resolved: 5
• Current unresolved inconsistencies: 4

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🎉 Resolution Updates

Excellent progress! The following issues from the previous run (February 24, 2026) have been resolved:

✅ 1. Solver.translate() - RESOLVED

• Was missing in: TypeScript, Go, Rust
• Status: All three languages now have solver_translate implemented
• Verified:
  • TypeScript: src/api/js/src/high-level/high-level.ts:2155-2157
  • Go: src/api/go/solver.go:360-364
  • Rust: /tmp/z3.rs/z3/src/solver.rs:627-631

✅ 2. Solver.getProof() - RESOLVED

• Was missing in: TypeScript, Go
• Status: Both languages now have solver_get_proof implemented
• Verified:
  • TypeScript: src/api/js/src/high-level/high-level.ts:2161
  • Go: src/api/go/solver.go:372-376

✅ 3. Optimize.getLower()/getUpper() - RESOLVED

• Was missing in: TypeScript
• Status: TypeScript now has full optimization result retrieval
• Verified: src/api/js/src/high-level/high-level.ts:2388-2394

✅ 4. Optimize API completeness - RESOLVED

• Was missing in TypeScript: fromFile(), unsatCore(), objectives(), reasonUnknown()
• Status: All methods now implemented in TypeScript
• Verified: src/api/js/src/high-level/high-level.ts:2396-2410

✅ 5. Optimize.translate() - RESOLVED

• Was missing in: TypeScript, OCaml, Go, Rust
• Status: TypeScript now has optimize_translate
• Verified: src/api/js/src/high-level/high-level.ts:2413-2416
• Note: OCaml, Go, and Rust status requires further verification in next run

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Progress Tracker

Overall Progress: 5/~20 API families analyzed (25%)

Completed:

• ✅ Solver APIs (Z3_solver_*)
• ✅ Optimize APIs (Z3_optimize_*)
• ✅ BitVector operations
• ✅ Array theory APIs
• ✅ Floating-point APIs

Next Run Will Analyze:

• Quantifier APIs (Z3_mk_forall, Z3_mk_exists, Z3_mk_lambda)
• Fixedpoint APIs (Z3_fixedpoint_*)
• Datatype APIs (Z3_mk_datatype_*)
• Set theory APIs (Z3_mk_set_*)
• String/Sequence APIs (Z3_mk_seq_*, Z3_mk_str_*)

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Current Unresolved Issues

🔴 HIGH PRIORITY

1. Go Missing BitVector Rotate Operations

• What's missing: BitVector rotation functions
• Available in: Python, Java, .NET, C++, TypeScript, OCaml, Rust
• Missing in: Go
• C API functions:
  • Z3_mk_rotate_left(ctx, i, bv) - Rotate left by constant
  • Z3_mk_rotate_right(ctx, i, bv) - Rotate right by constant
  • Z3_mk_ext_rotate_left(ctx, bv1, bv2) - Rotate left by variable amount
  • Z3_mk_ext_rotate_right(ctx, bv1, bv2) - Rotate right by variable amount
• Suggested fix: Add to src/api/go/bitvec.go:

  // MkBVRotateLeft creates a bit-vector left rotation by a constant.
  func (c *Context) MkBVRotateLeft(i uint, expr *Expr) *Expr {
      return newExpr(c, C.Z3_mk_rotate_left(c.ptr, C.uint(i), expr.ptr))
  }
  
  // MkBVRotateRight creates a bit-vector right rotation by a constant.
  func (c *Context) MkBVRotateRight(i uint, expr *Expr) *Expr {
      return newExpr(c, C.Z3_mk_rotate_right(c.ptr, C.uint(i), expr.ptr))
  }
  
  // MkBVExtRotateLeft creates a bit-vector left rotation by a variable amount.
  func (c *Context) MkBVExtRotateLeft(lhs, rhs *Expr) *Expr {
      return newExpr(c, C.Z3_mk_ext_rotate_left(c.ptr, lhs.ptr, rhs.ptr))
  }
  
  // MkBVExtRotateRight creates a bit-vector right rotation by a variable amount.
  func (c *Context) MkBVExtRotateRight(lhs, rhs *Expr) *Expr {
      return newExpr(c, C.Z3_mk_ext_rotate_right(c.ptr, lhs.ptr, rhs.ptr))
  }

• Impact: Users working with bit-manipulation (cryptography, hardware verification) cannot perform rotations in Go
• Priority: High - core functionality gap

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🟡 MEDIUM PRIORITY

2. Solver DIMACS Export Missing in Multiple Languages

• What's missing: Z3_solver_to_dimacs_string - Export solver state to DIMACS format
• Available in: Python, C++, .NET
• Missing in: Java, TypeScript, Go, OCaml, Rust
• Use case: Exporting to standard CNF format for use with SAT solvers
• Suggested fix (Java example): Add to Context.java:

  public String solverToDimacs(Solver solver) {
      return Native.solverToDimacsString(nCtx(), solver.getNativeObject());
  }

• Priority: Medium - useful for interoperability but not core functionality

3. Solver Simplifier Plugin Missing

• What's missing: Z3_solver_add_simplifier - Add simplification plugin to solver
• Available in: Python, .NET, C++, OCaml, TypeScript
• Missing in: Java, Go, Rust
• Use case: Custom preprocessing and simplification strategies
• C API: Z3_ast Z3_API Z3_solver_add_simplifier(Z3_context c, Z3_solver s, Z3_simplifier t)
• Priority: Medium - advanced feature for customization

4. Solver Clause Callback Registration Missing

• What's missing: Z3_solver_register_on_clause - Register callback for learned clauses
• Available in: Python, .NET, C++
• Missing in: TypeScript, Go, Java, OCaml, Rust
• Use case: Advanced SAT solving applications (proof logging, clause analysis)
• Note: Callback-based APIs are challenging in languages without C function pointers or FFI callbacks
• Priority: Medium - specialized use case

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Analysis Details

BitVector Operations - Comprehensive Coverage

✅ Well-supported operations across all languages:

• Basic arithmetic: add, sub, mul, div (signed/unsigned)
• Bitwise operations: and, or, xor, not, nand, nor, xnor
• Shifts: shl, lshr, ashr
• Comparisons: ult, ule, ugt, uge, slt, sle, sgt, sge
• Manipulation: concat, extract, repeat
• Extensions: sign_ext, zero_ext

⚠️ Exception: Go missing rotate operations (see High Priority issue #1)

Language-specific observations:

• Python: Uses operator overloading (RotateLeft(a, b))
• Java: Context methods (mkBVRotateLeft(i, expr))
• TypeScript: Instance methods (bv.rotateLeft(count))
• Rust: Trait methods (bv.bvrotl(&other) and bv.bvrotr(&other))
• C++: Instance methods (expr.rotate_left(i))

Array Theory - Excellent Consistency

✅ All languages support core array operations:

• select / Select - Array read
• store / Store - Array write
• const_array / ConstArray - Create constant array
• array_default / ArrayDefault - Get default value
• Multi-dimensional variants (select_n, store_n)

Naming conventions are consistent across languages following their idioms:

• Python/C++: Capitalized functions (Select, Store)
• Java/.NET: Camel case methods (mkSelect, MkStore)
• TypeScript: Lower camel case methods (.select(), .store())
• Go: Pascal case methods (MkSelect, MkStore)
• Rust: Snake case methods (.select(), .store())

Floating-Point APIs - Complete Implementation

✅ All languages have comprehensive floating-point support:

• Sort creation (16-bit, 32-bit, 64-bit, 128-bit, custom)
• Rounding modes (RNE, RNA, RTP, RTN, RTZ)
• Arithmetic operations (add, sub, mul, div, sqrt, fma, rem)
• Unary operations (abs, neg)
• Comparisons (lt, gt, le, ge, eq)
• Predicates (isNaN, isInf, isZero, isNormal, isSubnormal, isNegative, isPositive)
• Conversions (to/from IEEE bit-vectors, to/from real, to/from integers)

Excellent consistency across all 8 language bindings with appropriate naming conventions for each language.

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Recommendations Summary

Immediate Actions (High Priority)

1. Add BitVector rotate operations to Go (src/api/go/bitvec.go)
   • 4 new functions needed
   • Simple wrapper implementations
   • Critical for bit-manipulation use cases

Future Improvements (Medium Priority)

2. Add DIMACS export to Java, TypeScript, Go, OCaml, Rust

   • Improves interoperability with SAT solvers
   • String return type, straightforward to implement

3. Add simplifier plugin support to Java, Go, Rust

   • Enables custom preprocessing strategies
   • Requires exposing simplifier type/interface

4. Consider callback support for clause registration

   • Complex due to FFI/language callback limitations
   • May require language-specific callback mechanisms
   • Lower priority due to complexity

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Next Run Preview

The next coherence check (scheduled for future run) will analyze:

• Quantifier APIs - Forall, exists, lambda, patterns, quantifier elimination
• Fixedpoint APIs - Datalog engine, rules, queries
• Datatype APIs - Algebraic datatypes, constructors, accessors
• Set theory APIs - Union, intersection, difference, membership
• String/Sequence APIs - Concatenation, length, substring, regex

Estimated completion: 5 more runs to cover all major API families

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Methodology Notes

This analysis uses:

• Serena language services for Java, Python, TypeScript, C#
• grep/glob search for C++, OCaml, Go
• External repository analysis for Rust (prove-rs/z3.rs)
• Manual code verification for all findings
• Cache memory for incremental progress tracking

All findings verified against current codebase state (March 7, 2026).

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Generated by API Coherence Checker - An automated tool for maintaining Z3 language binding consistency

AI generated by API Coherence Checker

• expires on Mar 14, 2026, 11:18 PM UTC

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This discussion was automatically closed because it expired on 2026-03-14T23:18:14.052Z.

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