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d-code::-webkit-scrollbar,\n  d-article > d-math[block]::-webkit-scrollbar,\n  d-article section > d-math[block]::-webkit-scrollbar {\n    display: none;  // Safari and Chrome\n  }\n}\n\nd-article .citation {\n  color: #668;\n  cursor: pointer;\n}\n\nd-include {\n  width: auto;\n  display: block;\n}\n\nd-figure {\n  contain: layout style;\n}\n\n/* KaTeX */\n\n.katex, .katex-prerendered {\n  contain: content;\n  display: inline-block;\n}\n\n/* Tables */\n\nd-article table {\n  border-collapse: collapse;\n  margin-bottom: 1.5rem;\n  border-bottom: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);\n}\n\nd-article table th {\n  border-bottom: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);\n}\n\nd-article table td {\n  border-bottom: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.05);\n}\n\nd-article table tr:last-of-type td {\n  border-bottom: none;\n}\n\nd-article table th,\nd-article table td {\n  font-size: 15px;\n  padding: 2px 8px;\n}\n\nd-article table tbody :first-child td {\n  padding-top: 2px;\n}\n'+ta+'@media print {\n\n  @page {\n    size: 8in 11in;\n    @bottom-right {\n      content: counter(page) " of " counter(pages);\n    }\n  }\n\n  html {\n    /* no general margins -- CSS Grid takes care of those */\n  }\n\n  p, code {\n    page-break-inside: avoid;\n  }\n\n  h2, h3 {\n    page-break-after: avoid;\n  }\n\n  d-header {\n    visibility: hidden;\n  }\n\n  d-footer {\n    display: none!important;\n  }\n\n}\n',ha=[{name:'WebComponents',support:function(){return'customElements'in window&&'attachShadow'in Element.prototype&&'getRootNode'in Element.prototype&&'content'in document.createElement('template')&&'Promise'in window&&'from'in Array},url:'https://distill.pub/third-party/polyfills/webcomponents-lite.js'},{name:'IntersectionObserver',support:function(){return'IntersectionObserver'in window&&'IntersectionObserverEntry'in window},url:'https://distill.pub/third-party/polyfills/intersection-observer.js'}];class ma{static browserSupportsAllFeatures(){return ha.every((e)=>e.support())}static load(e){const t=function(t){t.loaded=!0,console.info('Runlevel 0: Polyfill has finished loading: '+t.name),ma.neededPolyfills.every((e)=>e.loaded)&&(console.info('Runlevel 0: All required polyfills have finished loading.'),console.info('Runlevel 0->1.'),window.distillRunlevel=1,e())};for(const n of ma.neededPolyfills)p(n,t)}static get neededPolyfills(){return ma._neededPolyfills||(ma._neededPolyfills=ha.filter((e)=>!e.support())),ma._neededPolyfills}}const ya=ea('d-abstract',`
<style>
  :host {
    font-size: 1.25rem;
    line-height: 1.6em;
    color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.7);
    -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;
  }

  ::slotted(p) {
    margin-top: 0;
    margin-bottom: 1em;
    grid-column: text-start / middle-end;
  }
  ${function(e){return`${e} {
      grid-column: left / text;
    }
  `}('d-abstract')}
</style>

<slot></slot>
`);class xa extends ya(HTMLElement){}const ka=ea('d-appendix',`
<style>

d-appendix {
  contain: layout style;
  font-size: 0.8em;
  line-height: 1.7em;
  margin-top: 60px;
  margin-bottom: 0;
  border-top: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);
  color: rgba(0,0,0,0.5);
  padding-top: 60px;
  padding-bottom: 48px;
}

d-appendix h3 {
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  font-size: 15px;
  font-weight: 500;
  margin-top: 1em;
  margin-bottom: 0;
  color: rgba(0,0,0,0.65);
}

d-appendix h3 + * {
  margin-top: 1em;
}

d-appendix ol {
  padding: 0 0 0 15px;
}

@media (min-width: 768px) {
  d-appendix ol {
    padding: 0 0 0 30px;
    margin-left: -30px;
  }
}

d-appendix li {
  margin-bottom: 1em;
}

d-appendix a {
  color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.6);
}

d-appendix > * {
  grid-column: text;
}

d-appendix > d-footnote-list,
d-appendix > d-citation-list,
d-appendix > distill-appendix {
  grid-column: screen;
}

</style>

`,!1);class va extends ka(HTMLElement){}const wa=/^\s*$/;class Ca extends HTMLElement{static get is(){return'd-article'}constructor(){super(),new MutationObserver((e)=>{for(const t of e)for(const e of t.addedNodes)switch(e.nodeName){case'#text':{const t=e.nodeValue;if(!wa.test(t)){console.warn('Use of unwrapped text in distill articles is discouraged as it breaks layout! Please wrap any text in a <span> or <p> tag. 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this.match('@'),'@'+this.key()},this.preamble=function(){this.currentEntry={},this.currentEntry.entryType='PREAMBLE',this.currentEntry.entry=this.value_comment(),this.entries.push(this.currentEntry)},this.comment=function(){this.currentEntry={},this.currentEntry.entryType='COMMENT',this.currentEntry.entry=this.value_comment(),this.entries.push(this.currentEntry)},this.entry=function(e){this.entry_body(e)},this.bibtex=function(){for(;this.matchAt();){var e=this.directive();this.match('{'),'@STRING'==e?this.string():'@PREAMBLE'==e?this.preamble():'@COMMENT'==e?this.comment():this.entry(e),this.match('}')}}}e.toJSON=function(e){var n=new t;return n.setInput(e),n.bibtex(),n.entries},e.toBibtex=function(e){var t='';for(var n in e){if(t+='@'+e[n].entryType,t+='{',e[n].citationKey&&(t+=e[n].citationKey+', '),e[n].entry&&(t+=e[n].entry),e[n].entryTags){var a='';for(var i in e[n].entryTags)0!=a.length&&(a+=', '),a+=i+'= {'+e[n].entryTags[i]+'}';t+=a}t+='}\n\n'}return t}})(t)});class Sa extends 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<style>

:host {
  display: inline-block;
}

.citation {
  display: inline-block;
  color: hsla(206, 90%, 20%, 0.7);
}

.citation-number {
  cursor: default;
  white-space: nowrap;
  font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Roboto", Helvetica, sans-serif;
  font-size: 75%;
  color: hsla(206, 90%, 20%, 0.7);
  display: inline-block;
  line-height: 1.1em;
  text-align: center;
  position: relative;
  top: -2px;
  margin: 0 2px;
}

figcaption .citation-number {
  font-size: 11px;
  font-weight: normal;
  top: -2px;
  line-height: 1em;
}

d-hover-box {
  margin-top: 1.9em;
}

ul {
  margin: 0;
  padding: 0;
  list-style-type: none;
}

ul li {
  padding: 15px 10px 15px 10px;
  border-bottom: 1px solid rgba(0,0,0,0.1)
}

ul li:last-of-type {
  border-bottom: none;
}

</style>

<d-hover-box id="hover-box"></d-hover-box>

<div id="citation-" class="citation"><slot></slot><span class="citation-number"></span></div>
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d-citation-list {
  contain: layout style;
}

d-citation-list .references {
  grid-column: text;
}

d-citation-list .references .title {
  font-weight: 500;
}
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self&&self.Prism&&self.document&&document.querySelector&&(self.Prism.fileHighlight=function(){var e={js:'javascript',py:'python',rb:'ruby',ps1:'powershell',psm1:'powershell',sh:'bash',bat:'batch',h:'c',tex:'latex'};Array.prototype.forEach&&Array.prototype.slice.call(document.querySelectorAll('pre[data-src]')).forEach(function(t){for(var a,i=t.getAttribute('data-src'),d=t,r=/\blang(?:uage)?-(?!\*)(\w+)\b/i;d&&!r.test(d.className);)d=d.parentNode;if(d&&(a=(t.className.match(r)||[,''])[1]),!a){var o=(i.match(/\.(\w+)$/)||[,''])[1];a=e[o]||o}var l=document.createElement('code');l.className='language-'+a,t.textContent='',l.textContent='Loading\u2026',t.appendChild(l);var s=new XMLHttpRequest;s.open('GET',i,!0),s.onreadystatechange=function(){4==s.readyState&&(400>s.status&&s.responseText?(l.textContent=s.responseText,n.highlightElement(l)):400<=s.status?l.textContent='\u2716 Error '+s.status+' while fetching file: '+s.statusText:l.textContent='\u2716 Error: File does not exist or is empty')},s.send(null)})},document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded',self.Prism.fileHighlight))}()});Prism.languages.python={"triple-quoted-string":{pattern:/"""[\s\S]+?"""|'''[\s\S]+?'''/,alias:'string'},comment:{pattern:/(^|[^\\])#.*/,lookbehind:!0},string:{pattern:/("|')(?:\\\\|\\?[^\\\r\n])*?\1/,greedy:!0},function:{pattern:/((?:^|\s)def[ 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t={variable:[{pattern:/\$?\(\([\w\W]+?\)\)/,inside:{variable:[{pattern:/(^\$\(\([\w\W]+)\)\)/,lookbehind:!0},/^\$\(\(/],number:/\b-?(?:0x[\dA-Fa-f]+|\d*\.?\d+(?:[Ee]-?\d+)?)\b/,operator:/--?|-=|\+\+?|\+=|!=?|~|\*\*?|\*=|\/=?|%=?|<<=?|>>=?|<=?|>=?|==?|&&?|&=|\^=?|\|\|?|\|=|\?|:/,punctuation:/\(\(?|\)\)?|,|;/}},{pattern:/\$\([^)]+\)|`[^`]+`/,inside:{variable:/^\$\(|^`|\)$|`$/}},/\$(?:[a-z0-9_#\?\*!@]+|\{[^}]+\})/i]};e.languages.bash={shebang:{pattern:/^#!\s*\/bin\/bash|^#!\s*\/bin\/sh/,alias:'important'},comment:{pattern:/(^|[^"{\\])#.*/,lookbehind:!0},string:[{pattern:/((?:^|[^<])<<\s*)(?:"|')?(\w+?)(?:"|')?\s*\r?\n(?:[\s\S])*?\r?\n\2/g,lookbehind:!0,greedy:!0,inside:t},{pattern:/(["'])(?:\\\\|\\?[^\\])*?\1/g,greedy:!0,inside:t}],variable:t.variable,function:{pattern:/(^|\s|;|\||&)(?:alias|apropos|apt-get|aptitude|aspell|awk|basename|bash|bc|bg|builtin|bzip2|cal|cat|cd|cfdisk|chgrp|chmod|chown|chroot|chkconfig|cksum|clear|cmp|comm|command|cp|cron|crontab|csplit|cut|date|dc|dd|ddrescue|df|diff|diff3|dig|dir|dircolors|dirname|dirs|dmesg|du|egrep|eject|enable|env|ethtool|eval|exec|expand|expect|export|expr|fdformat|fdisk|fg|fgrep|file|find|fmt|fold|format|free|fsck|ftp|fuser|gawk|getopts|git|grep|groupadd|groupdel|groupmod|groups|gzip|hash|head|help|hg|history|hostname|htop|iconv|id|ifconfig|ifdown|ifup|import|install|jobs|join|kill|killall|less|link|ln|locate|logname|logout|look|lpc|lpr|lprint|lprintd|lprintq|lprm|ls|lsof|make|man|mkdir|mkfifo|mkisofs|mknod|more|most|mount|mtools|mtr|mv|mmv|nano|netstat|nice|nl|nohup|notify-send|npm|nslookup|open|op|passwd|paste|pathchk|ping|pkill|popd|pr|printcap|printenv|printf|ps|pushd|pv|pwd|quota|quotacheck|quotactl|ram|rar|rcp|read|readarray|readonly|reboot|rename|renice|remsync|rev|rm|rmdir|rsync|screen|scp|sdiff|sed|seq|service|sftp|shift|shopt|shutdown|sleep|slocate|sort|source|split|ssh|stat|strace|su|sudo|sum|suspend|sync|tail|tar|tee|test|time|timeout|times|touch|top|traceroute|trap|tr|tsort|tty|type|ulimit|umask|umount|unalias|uname|unexpand|uniq|units|unrar|unshar|uptime|useradd|userdel|usermod|users|uuencode|uudecode|v|vdir|vi|vmstat|wait|watch|wc|wget|whereis|which|who|whoami|write|xargs|xdg-open|yes|zip)(?=$|\s|;|\||&)/,lookbehind:!0},keyword:{pattern:/(^|\s|;|\||&)(?:let|:|\.|if|then|else|elif|fi|for|break|continue|while|in|case|function|select|do|done|until|echo|exit|return|set|declare)(?=$|\s|;|\||&)/,lookbehind:!0},boolean:{pattern:/(^|\s|;|\||&)(?:true|false)(?=$|\s|;|\||&)/,lookbehind:!0},operator:/&&?|\|\|?|==?|!=?|<<<?|>>|<=?|>=?|=~/,punctuation:/\$?\(\(?|\)\)?|\.\.|[{}[\];]/};var n=t.variable[1].inside;n['function']=e.languages.bash['function'],n.keyword=e.languages.bash.keyword,n.boolean=e.languages.bash.boolean,n.operator=e.languages.bash.operator,n.punctuation=e.languages.bash.punctuation}(Prism),Prism.languages.go=Prism.languages.extend('clike',{keyword:/\b(break|case|chan|const|continue|default|defer|else|fallthrough|for|func|go(to)?|if|import|interface|map|package|range|return|select|struct|switch|type|var)\b/,builtin:/\b(bool|byte|complex(64|128)|error|float(32|64)|rune|string|u?int(8|16|32|64|)|uintptr|append|cap|close|complex|copy|delete|imag|len|make|new|panic|print(ln)?|real|recover)\b/,boolean:/\b(_|iota|nil|true|false)\b/,operator:/[*\/%^!=]=?|\+[=+]?|-[=-]?|\|[=|]?|&(?:=|&|\^=?)?|>(?:>=?|=)?|<(?:<=?|=|-)?|:=|\.\.\./,number:/\b(-?(0x[a-f\d]+|(\d+\.?\d*|\.\d+)(e[-+]?\d+)?)i?)\b/i,string:/("|'|`)(\\?.|\r|\n)*?\1/}),delete Prism.languages.go['class-name'],Prism.languages.markdown=Prism.languages.extend('markup',{}),Prism.languages.insertBefore('markdown','prolog',{blockquote:{pattern:/^>(?:[\t ]*>)*/m,alias:'punctuation'},code:[{pattern:/^(?: {4}|\t).+/m,alias:'keyword'},{pattern:/``.+?``|`[^`\n]+`/,alias:'keyword'}],title:[{pattern:/\w+.*(?:\r?\n|\r)(?:==+|--+)/,alias:'important',inside:{punctuation:/==+$|--+$/}},{pattern:/(^\s*)#+.+/m,lookbehind:!0,alias:'important',inside:{punctuation:/^#+|#+$/}}],hr:{pattern:/(^\s*)([*-])([\t ]*\2){2,}(?=\s*$)/m,lookbehind:!0,alias:'punctuation'},list:{pattern:/(^\s*)(?:[*+-]|\d+\.)(?=[\t ].)/m,lookbehind:!0,alias:'punctuation'},"url-reference":{pattern:/!?\[[^\]]+\]:[\t ]+(?:\S+|<(?:\\.|[^>\\])+>)(?:[\t ]+(?:"(?:\\.|[^"\\])*"|'(?:\\.|[^'\\])*'|\((?:\\.|[^)\\])*\)))?/,inside:{variable:{pattern:/^(!?\[)[^\]]+/,lookbehind:!0},string:/(?:"(?:\\.|[^"\\])*"|'(?:\\.|[^'\\])*'|\((?:\\.|[^)\\])*\))$/,punctuation:/^[\[\]!:]|[<>]/},alias:'url'},bold:{pattern:/(^|[^\\])(\*\*|__)(?:(?:\r?\n|\r)(?!\r?\n|\r)|.)+?\2/,lookbehind:!0,inside:{punctuation:/^\*\*|^__|\*\*$|__$/}},italic:{pattern:/(^|[^\\])([*_])(?:(?:\r?\n|\r)(?!\r?\n|\r)|.)+?\2/,lookbehind:!0,inside:{punctuation:/^[*_]|[*_]$/}},url:{pattern:/!?\[[^\]]+\](?:\([^\s)]+(?:[\t ]+"(?:\\.|[^"\\])*")?\)| ?\[[^\]\n]*\])/,inside:{variable:{pattern:/(!?\[)[^\]]+(?=\]$)/,lookbehind:!0},string:{pattern:/"(?:\\.|[^"\\])*"(?=\)$)/}}}}),Prism.languages.markdown.bold.inside.url=Prism.util.clone(Prism.languages.markdown.url),Prism.languages.markdown.italic.inside.url=Prism.util.clone(Prism.languages.markdown.url),Prism.languages.markdown.bold.inside.italic=Prism.util.clone(Prism.languages.markdown.italic),Prism.languages.markdown.italic.inside.bold=Prism.util.clone(Prism.languages.markdown.bold),Prism.languages.julia={comment:{pattern:/(^|[^\\])#.*/,lookbehind:!0},string:/"""[\s\S]+?"""|'''[\s\S]+?'''|("|')(\\?.)*?\1/,keyword:/\b(abstract|baremodule|begin|bitstype|break|catch|ccall|const|continue|do|else|elseif|end|export|finally|for|function|global|if|immutable|import|importall|let|local|macro|module|print|println|quote|return|try|type|typealias|using|while)\b/,boolean:/\b(true|false)\b/,number:/\b-?(0[box])?(?:[\da-f]+\.?\d*|\.\d+)(?:[efp][+-]?\d+)?j?\b/i,operator:/\+=?|-=?|\*=?|\/[\/=]?|\\=?|\^=?|%=?|÷=?|!=?=?|&=?|\|[=>]?|\$=?|<(?:<=?|[=:])?|>(?:=|>>?=?)?|==?=?|[~≠≤≥]/,punctuation:/[{}[\];(),.:]/};const ja=ea('d-code',`
<style>

code {
  white-space: nowrap;
  background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.04);
  border-radius: 2px;
  padding: 4px 7px;
  font-size: 15px;
  color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.6);
}

pre code {
  display: block;
  border-left: 2px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, .1);
  padding: 0 0 0 36px;
}

${'/**\n * prism.js default theme for JavaScript, CSS and HTML\n * Based on dabblet (http://dabblet.com)\n * @author Lea Verou\n */\n\ncode[class*="language-"],\npre[class*="language-"] {\n\tcolor: black;\n\tbackground: none;\n\ttext-shadow: 0 1px white;\n\tfont-family: Consolas, Monaco, \'Andale Mono\', \'Ubuntu Mono\', monospace;\n\ttext-align: left;\n\twhite-space: pre;\n\tword-spacing: normal;\n\tword-break: normal;\n\tword-wrap: normal;\n\tline-height: 1.5;\n\n\t-moz-tab-size: 4;\n\t-o-tab-size: 4;\n\ttab-size: 4;\n\n\t-webkit-hyphens: none;\n\t-moz-hyphens: none;\n\t-ms-hyphens: none;\n\thyphens: none;\n}\n\npre[class*="language-"]::-moz-selection, pre[class*="language-"] ::-moz-selection,\ncode[class*="language-"]::-moz-selection, code[class*="language-"] ::-moz-selection {\n\ttext-shadow: none;\n\tbackground: #b3d4fc;\n}\n\npre[class*="language-"]::selection, pre[class*="language-"] ::selection,\ncode[class*="language-"]::selection, code[class*="language-"] ::selection {\n\ttext-shadow: none;\n\tbackground: #b3d4fc;\n}\n\n@media print {\n\tcode[class*="language-"],\n\tpre[class*="language-"] {\n\t\ttext-shadow: none;\n\t}\n}\n\n/* Code blocks */\npre[class*="language-"] {\n\tpadding: 1em;\n\tmargin: .5em 0;\n\toverflow: auto;\n}\n\n:not(pre) > code[class*="language-"],\npre[class*="language-"] {\n\tbackground: #f5f2f0;\n}\n\n/* Inline code */\n:not(pre) > code[class*="language-"] {\n\tpadding: .1em;\n\tborder-radius: .3em;\n\twhite-space: normal;\n}\n\n.token.comment,\n.token.prolog,\n.token.doctype,\n.token.cdata {\n\tcolor: slategray;\n}\n\n.token.punctuation {\n\tcolor: #999;\n}\n\n.namespace {\n\topacity: .7;\n}\n\n.token.property,\n.token.tag,\n.token.boolean,\n.token.number,\n.token.constant,\n.token.symbol,\n.token.deleted {\n\tcolor: #905;\n}\n\n.token.selector,\n.token.attr-name,\n.token.string,\n.token.char,\n.token.builtin,\n.token.inserted {\n\tcolor: #690;\n}\n\n.token.operator,\n.token.entity,\n.token.url,\n.language-css .token.string,\n.style .token.string {\n\tcolor: #a67f59;\n\tbackground: hsla(0, 0%, 100%, .5);\n}\n\n.token.atrule,\n.token.attr-value,\n.token.keyword {\n\tcolor: #07a;\n}\n\n.token.function {\n\tcolor: #DD4A68;\n}\n\n.token.regex,\n.token.important,\n.token.variable {\n\tcolor: #e90;\n}\n\n.token.important,\n.token.bold {\n\tfont-weight: bold;\n}\n.token.italic {\n\tfont-style: italic;\n}\n\n.token.entity {\n\tcursor: help;\n}\n'}
</style>

<code id="code-container"></code>

`);class Oa extends Gn(ja(HTMLElement)){renderContent(){if(this.languageName=this.getAttribute('language'),!this.languageName)return void console.warn('You need to provide a language attribute to your <d-code> block to let us know how to highlight your code; e.g.:\n <d-code language="python">zeros = np.zeros(shape)</d-code>.');const e=Aa.languages[this.languageName];if(void 0==e)return void console.warn(`Distill does not yet support highlighting your code block in "${this.languageName}'.`);let t=this.textContent;const n=this.shadowRoot.querySelector('#code-container');if(this.hasAttribute('block')){t=t.replace(/\n/,'');const e=t.match(/\s*/);if(t=t.replace(new RegExp('\n'+e,'g'),'\n'),t=t.trim(),n.parentNode instanceof ShadowRoot){const e=document.createElement('pre');this.shadowRoot.removeChild(n),e.appendChild(n),this.shadowRoot.appendChild(e)}}n.className=`language-${this.languageName}`,n.innerHTML=Aa.highlight(t,e)}}const qa=ea('d-footnote',`
<style>

d-math[block] {
  display: block;
}

:host {
}

sup {
  line-height: 1em;
  font-size: 0.75em;
  position: relative;
  top: -.5em;
  vertical-align: baseline;
}

span {
  color: hsla(206, 90%, 20%, 0.7);
  cursor: default;
}

.container {
  position: absolute;
  width: 100%;
  left: 0;
  z-index: 10000;
}

.dt-hover-box {
  margin: 0 auto;
  width: 704px;
  max-width: 100vw;
  background-color: #FFF;
  opacity: 0.95;
  border: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.25);
  padding: 8px 16px;
  border-radius: 3px;
  box-shadow: 0px 2px 10px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);
  box-sizing: border-box;
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    ${Ur}
    Distill
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    <a href="/prize/">Prize</a>
    <a href="/journal/">Submit</a>
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.nav {
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.nav a {
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    ${Ur}
    Distill
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    <a href="https://distill.pub/journal/">Submit</a>
    <a href="https://distill.pub/prize/">Prize</a>
    <a href="https://distill.pub/archive/">Archive</a>
    <a href="https://distill.pub/rss.xml">RSS</a>
    <a href="https://github.com/distillpub">GitHub</a>
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</div>

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