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docs/advanced/technical/over_the_wire.md

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# Key Idea: Over-the-Wire in abap2UI5
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The key idea of **abap2UI5** is to apply the principles of **Over-the-Wire (OtW)** web development to the SAP ecosystem.
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Over-the-Wire refers to a pattern where the **server is responsible for rendering the user interface (UI)** and sends **ready-to-render HTML fragments** to the browser.
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This avoids complex client-side frameworks and keeps the frontend lean and maintainable.
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Over-the-Wire refers to a pattern where the **server is responsible for rendering the user interface (UI)** and sends **ready-to-render HTML fragments** to the browser. This avoids complex client-side frameworks and keeps the frontend lean and maintainable.
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While this approach is widely used in frameworks like Hotwire, Livewire, or Phoenix LiveView, **abap2UI5 adapts this idea for SAP**, using the SAPUI5 runtime to render the UI based on server-provided definitions.
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#### Historical Context: From SSR to Over-the-Wire
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### History: From SSR to Over-the-Wire
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In the early days of web development, **Server-Side Rendering (SSR)** was the standard approach.
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Every user interaction triggered a request to the server, which returned a fully rendered HTML page.
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In the early days of web development, **Server-Side Rendering (SSR)** was the standard approach. Every user interaction triggered a request to the server, which returned a fully rendered HTML page.
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With the rise of **Single Page Applications (SPAs)**, UI rendering shifted to the browser.
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SPAs request **raw data (e.g., JSON)** from the server and build the UI dynamically using JavaScript frameworks like React, Angular, or Vue.
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With the rise of **Single Page Applications (SPAs)**, UI rendering shifted to the browser. SPAs request **raw data (e.g., JSON)** from the server and build the UI dynamically using JavaScript frameworks like React, Angular, or Vue.
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While SPAs enable rich client-side experiences, they also introduce significant complexity:
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- API layers and data contracts
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- The **browser simply inserts those fragments** into the page.
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- The frontend remains simple and declarative.
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Frameworks like **Hotwire (Rails)**, **Livewire (Laravel)**, and **Phoenix LiveView (Elixir)** are modern implementations of this concept.
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#### Architectural Comparison
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###### Architectural Comparison
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| Approach | Data Flow | Rendering Location | Time |
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|----------|-----------|-------------------|-------------|
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| **SSR** | Full-page HTML responses | Entirely on the server | 1990s – 2010s |
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| **SPA** | Raw data (JSON), client builds UI | Client-side (JavaScript framework) | 2010s – today |
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| **Over-the-Wire** | HTML fragments for partial updates | Server renders, browser inserts | 2020s (re-emerging) |
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#### Over-the-Wire Frameworks
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###### Over-the-Wire Frameworks
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The followring frameworks are modern implementations of this concept.
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| Framework | Key Use Case | Technology |
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|-----------|--------------|------------|
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| **[Blazor Server](https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/aspnet/core/blazor/)** | Server-side UI rendering with SignalR | .NET / C# |
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| **[Inertia.js](https://inertiajs.com/)** | SPA-like experience with server-driven UI | JavaScript + Laravel/Rails |
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#### Over-the-Wire in abap2UI5
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### Over-the-Wire in abap2UI5
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**abap2UI5** adopts the Over-the-Wire principle but tailors it to SAP's technical environment:
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- The frontend code itself is **never generated dynamically**. It remains stable and generic.
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- All business logic, UI definitions, and dynamic behavior are maintained on the backend.
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#### Key Characteristics:
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- **Frontend code is static** (SAPUI5 components).
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- **Backend fully controls UI definitions and logic**.
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- No separate frontend development needed.
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- Aligns with SAP's technology stack while following Over-the-Wire principles.
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###### Key Characteristics:
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- Frontend code is astatic UI5 app and send with the first request
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- Backend fully controls UI definitions and logic
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- No separate frontend development needed, all apps are pure backend abap artifacts
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- Aligns with SAP's technology stack (ABAP & UI5) while following Over-the-Wire principles
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#### Benefits for SAP Applications
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###### Benefits for SAP Applications
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- **Reduced Frontend Complexity**: No need for custom JavaScript development per app.
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- **Faster Development Cycles**: UI and logic are controlled via ABAP.
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- **Faster Development Cycles**: UI and logic are controlled via ABAP in the backend
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- **Maintainable Architecture**: Reuse of SAPUI5 runtime, minimal frontend code.
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- **Seamless SAP Integration**: abap2UI5 fits into existing SAP systems.
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- **Seamless SAP Integration**: abap2UI5 app fits into existing ABAP Stacks on any release
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- **Ideal for Business Applications**: CRUD-heavy apps, forms, dashboards, transactions.
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#### Limitations to Consider
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###### Limitations to Consider
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While Over-the-Wire (and abap2UI5) offers many advantages, it may not be suitable for:
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* Highly interactive, real-time collaboration tools (e.g., design apps, chat platforms)
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* Applications requiring offline capabilities or rich client-side interactions
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* Scenarios where frontend and backend are developed by separate, independent teams
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#### Conclusion
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### Conclusion
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The **key idea of abap2UI5** is to apply the simplicity of the Over-the-Wire approach to the SAP world.
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It enables building efficient, maintainable business applications by shifting UI control back to the backend, while using SAPUI5 as a stable frontend runtime.

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