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# Technology Evolution: From ITS to abap2UI5
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# UI Overview: From ITS to abap2UI5
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This page explains how web development in the SAP Environment has evolved over the years — from classic Server-Side Rendering approaches like **ITS** and **Web Dynpro**, to client-side SPAs with **UI5 Freestyle** and **RAP**, and finally to the **Over-the-Wire** paradigm of **abap2UI5**.
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This page explains how web development in the SAP environment has evolved over the years — from classic server-side rendering approaches like ITS and Web Dynpro to client-side SPAs with UI5 Freestyle and RAP, while contextualizing the open-source framework abap2UI5 and its Over-the-Wire paradigm.
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### ITS Mobile
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_Bringing SAP GUI to the Web (2000+) (SAP)_
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### 1. ITS Mobile: Bringing SAP GUI to the Web (2000+) (SAP)
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The **Internet Transaction Server (ITS)** was SAP’s first step to bring SAP GUI screens (Dynpro) to the web. ITS Mobile converts classical Dynpro screens into basic HTML pages.
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- Pure **Server-Side Rendering (SSR)**: HTML is generated on the server for every interaction.
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- Optimized for simple mobile devices (e.g., warehouse scanners).
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- Focus on reusing existing Dynpro logic for web & mobile use cases.
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- Still used today for specific legacy scenarios.
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### 2. Web Dynpro ABAP: Structured Web Applications (2003+) (SAP)
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### Web Dynpro ABAP (2003+) (SAP)
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_Structured Web Applications_
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**Web Dynpro ABAP** introduced a component-based UI framework for web applications.
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- UI definitions are created in ABAP (Views, Context, Controllers).
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- Still **Server-Side Rendering**: UI is built on the server, rendered as HTML in the browser.
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- Suitable for transactional business applications.
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- More structured and modular than ITS, but limited for modern UX expectations.
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### 3. UI5 Freestyle: Full Client-Side SPAs (2010+) (SAP)
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### UI5 Freestyle (2010+) (SAP)
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_Full Client-Side SPAs_
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With the advent of smartphones and richer web experiences, **UI5 Freestyle** was introduced.
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- Based on **JavaScript, XML Views, and UI5 Controls**.
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- Enables highly customized, interactive applications.
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- Requires dedicated frontend development expertise.
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### 4. RAP / Fiori Elements: Standardized Backend-Driven SPA (2019+) (SAP)
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### RAP / Fiori Elements (2019+) (SAP)
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_Standardized Backend-Driven SPA_
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The **RESTful Application Programming Model (RAP)** and **Fiori Elements** aim to standardize application development.
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- Developers define **CDS Annotations** in ABAP to describe UI behavior.
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- The UI5 Fiori Elements runtime in the browser renders the app as a **SPA**.
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- Simplifies UI development by using predefined floorplans and templates.
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- Still SPA complexity (OData Metadata handling, UI5 runtime in browser).
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### 5. abap2UI5: Over-the-Wire for ABAP/UI5 (2023+) (Open Soure)
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### abap2UI5 (2023+) (Open Soure)
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_Over-the-Wire for ABAP/UI5_
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**abap2UI5** brings the simplicity of the **Over-the-Wire** concept to SAP UI5 development.
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- The ABAP backend defines **UI5 XML Views** and **JSON ViewModels**.
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- Combines backend-driven development with UI5 flexibility.
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- Aligns with SAP's "Keep the Core Clean" strategy.
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## Comparison Table
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| Feature | ITS Mobile | Web Dynpro (ABAP) | UI5 Freestyle | RAP (Fiori Elements) | abap2UI5 |
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|----------|------------|------------------|---------------|---------------------|----------|
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| **Era** | 2000+ | 2003+ | 2010+ | 2019+ | 2023+ |
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| **UI Definition** | Dynpro Screens | ABAP Component Views | JavaScript + XML Views | CDS Annotations | ABAP Class (XML View & JSON ViewModel) |
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| **Data Flow** | Dynpro → HTML | Context Nodes | OData / Custom APIs | OData V4: Metadata & Data | View + ViewModel via JSON |
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| **UI Rendering** | Server-Side Rendering (SSR) | Server-Side Rendering (SSR) | Client-side SPA | Client-side SPA | Over-the-Wire |
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| **Frontend Code** | HTML generated by ITS | HTML/JS generated by ABAP runtime | Custom UI5 App (SPA) | UI5 Fiori Elements SPA Runtime | Static generic UI5 Shell |
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| **Developer Focus** | ABAP Dynpro | ABAP | ABAP + JavaScript | ABAP | ABAP only |
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| **Complexity (Frontend)** | Very Low | Low | High | Medium | Very Low |
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| **Typical Use Cases** | Mobile terminals, legacy apps | Transactional SAP apps | Custom, interactive dashboards | Standard CRUD apps with templates | CRUD-heavy apps, forms, dashboards |
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### Summary: Why abap2UI5?
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### Summary
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Why abap2UI5?
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- **ITS & Web Dynpro**: Full SSR, but limited UX flexibility.
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- **UI5 Freestyle**: Richer UIs, but introduce SPA complexity
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- **RAP**: Limited Flexibility, UI based on CDS and UI Annotations

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