Version: 1.1.0
Last Updated: 2025-10-22
This document serves as the comprehensive source of truth for Arabic script romanization across all Adobe Arabic character set modules. Each table shows how Arabic script characters are romanized according to different international and academic standards.
✅ VERIFICATION STATUS: All romanization data has been verified against official source documents. Current validation accuracy: 100.0% (2421/2421 mappings across 52 standards, verified 2025-10-22).
This document organizes Arabic-script romanization standards by language family and geographic region:
- Arabic Core Romanization (71 characters, 12 standards): Traditional Arabic script letters
- Persian Romanization (50 letters, 8 standards): Persian script letters
- Panjab Region Romanization (89 letters, 10 standards): Urdu and Punjabi script letters including aspirated digraphs
- Ottoman Turkish Romanization (50 characters, 3 standards): Turkish/Ottoman Turkish script letters
- Uyghur/Kazakh/Kyrgyz Romanization (AAR3R+AAR3P) (54 characters, 4 standards): Turkic languages using Arabic script
- Kashmiri/Saraiki/Balti Romanization (AAR4R) (72 letters, 3 standards): Nastaliq script style
- Arabic Extended Romanization (AAR5R) (157 letters, 13 standards): Pashto, Sindhi, Kurdish (Sorani), and Balochi script letters
Traditional Arabic script letters and their romanization across international standards
Standards Used:
- BGN/PCGN: Board on Geographic Names/Permanent Committee on Geographical Names Arabic 2019
- UNGEGN: United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names Arabic 1972/2018
- ALA-LC: American Library Association-Library of Congress Arabic romanization
- DIN: Deutsches Institut für Normung 31635 Arabic romanization
- ISO 233-2: ISO 233-2:1993 Simplified Arabic romanization
- DMG: Deutsche Morgenländische Gesellschaft Arabic romanization
- Wehr/Cowan: Hans Wehr Dictionary (English edition) romanization system
- Brill: Brill Simple Arabic Transliteration System 1.0
- EI3: Encyclopedia of Islam Third Edition Arabic transliteration
- OSU: Ohio State University Egyptian Arabic IPA
- UMich: University of Michigan Arabic IPA
- Wikipedia: Wikipedia Modern Standard Arabic IPA
Note: For complete URL references and detailed documentation, see Arabic International Standards, Arabic Academic Systems, and Phonetic Representation Systems in arabic-roman-standards.md.
| Unicode | Character | BGN/PCGN | UNGEGN | ALA-LC | DIN | ISO 233-2 | DMG | Wehr/Cowan | Brill | EI3 | OSU | UMich | WP |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0627 | ا | ā | ā | ā | ā | ʾ | ā | ā | ā | ā | aː | ā | aː |
| 0671 | ٱ | ʼ | - | a/i | ʾ | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 0628 | ب | b | b | b | b | b | b | b | b | b | b | b | b |
| 066E | ٮ | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 067E | پ | p | - | p | p | - | p | p | - | - | - | - | - |
| 062A | ت | t | t | t | t | t | t | t | t | t | t | t | t |
| 0629 | ة | ah/at | - | h/t/tan | h/t | ẗ | h/t | ah/at | a/ah/āh/at/āt | a/at | - | - | a/ah |
| 062B | ث | th | th | th | ṯ | ṯ | ṯ/s̱ | th | ṯ | th | θ | θ | θ |
| 062C | ج | j | j | j | ǧ | ǧ | ǧ | j | ǧ | j | g/ʒ | ɡ | d͡ʒ/ʤ |
| 0686 | چ | ch | - | ch/zh | č | - | č | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 062D | ح | ḩ | ẖ/ḩ | ḥ | ḥ | ḥ | ḥ | ḥ | ḥ | ḥ | ħ | ħ/ʜ/ḥ | ħ |
| 062E | خ | kh | kh | kh | ḫ | ẖ | ḫ | kh | ḫ | kh | x/ꭓ | x | x |
| 062F | د | d | d | d | d | d | d | d | d | d | d | d | d |
| 0630 | ذ | dh | dh | dh | ḏ | ḏ | ḏ/ẕ | dh | ḏ | dh | ð | ð | ð |
| 0631 | ر | r | r | r | r | r | r | r | r | r | ɾ/r | r | r |
| 0632 | ز | z | z | z | z | z | z | z | z | z | z | z | z |
| 0698 | ژ | - | - | zh | ž | - | ž | zh | - | - | - | - | - |
| 0633 | س | s | s | s | s | s | s | s | s | s | s | s | s |
| 0634 | ش | sh | sh | sh | š | š | š | sh | š | sh | ʃ | ʃ/š | ʃ |
| 0635 | ص | ş | s̱/ş | ṣ | ṣ | ṣ | ṣ | ṣ | ṣ | ṣ | sˤ | ş/sˠ/sˤ/ṣ | sˤ |
| 0636 | ض | ḑ | ḏ/ḑ | ḍ | ḍ | ḍ | ḍ/ż | ḍ | ḍ | ḍ | dˤ | ď/dˠ/dˤ/ḍ | dˤ |
| 0637 | ط | ţ | ṯ/ṭ | ṭ | ṭ | ṭ | ṭ | ṭ | ṭ | ṭ | tˤ | ţ/t̃/tˠ/tˤ/ṭ | tˤ |
| 0638 | ظ | z̧ | d͟h/z̧ | ẓ | ẓ | ẓ | ẓ | ẓ | ẓ | ẓ | zˤ | đ/ð̃/ðˠ/ðˤ/ẓ | ðˤ |
| 0639 | ع | ʻ | ʿ | ʻ | ʿ | ʿ | ʿ | ʿ | ʿ | ʿ | ʕ | ʕ/ʢ/ʻ/ʿ | ʕ |
| 063A | غ | gh | gh | gh | ġ | ġ | ġ | gh | ġ | gh | ɣ | ɣ | ɣ |
| 0641 | ف | f | f | f | f | f | f | f | f | f | f | f | f |
| 06A1 | ڡ | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 06A4 | ڤ | v | - | v | v | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 06A5 | ڥ | - | - | v | v | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 06CB | ۋ | - | - | v | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 0642 | ق | q | q | q | q | q | q | q | q | q | q | q/ɢ | q |
| 066F | ٯ | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 0643 | ك | - | k | k | k | k | k | k | k | k | kʰ | k | k |
| 06A9 | ک | k | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 06AA | ڪ | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 06AD | ڭ | - | - | - | ṅ | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 06AF | گ | g | - | g | g | - | g | g | - | - | - | - | - |
| 0644 | ل | l | l | l | l | l | l | l | l | l | l/ɫ | l | l |
| 0645 | م | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | m |
| 0646 | ن | n | n | n | n | n | n | n | n | n | n | n | n |
| 0647 | ه | h | h | h | h | h | h | h | h | h | h | h | h |
| 0648 | و | w/ū | w | w | w | w | w/v/ū | w/ū | w | ū/uww | w/o | w/ū | w |
| 064A | ي | y/ay | y | y | y | y | y/ī | y/ī | y | ī/iyy | j/e | y/ī | j |
| 0649 | ى | á/ī | - | á | ā | ỳ | ā | ā | ā | ī/iyy | - | - | aː |
| 06A2 | ڢ | - | - | f | f | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 06A7 | ڧ | - | - | q | q | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 06A8 | ڨ | g | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 06B4 | ڴ* | g | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 0627+064E | اَ | - | - | ā | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 0627+0648 | او | āw/aw | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 0627+064A | ای | āy/ī | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 0648+064F | وُ | - | - | ū | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 0648+0652+064E | وَْ | - | - | aw | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 064A+0650 | يِ | - | - | ī | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 064A+0652+064E | يَْ | - | - | ay | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 0649+0650 | ىِ | - | - | ī | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 0649+064E | ىَ | - | - | á | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 0649+0652+064E | ىَْ | - | - | ay | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 064E | َ | a | - | a | a | a | a | a | a | - | a/æ/ɑ | a | a |
| 064F | ُ | u | - | u | u | u | u | u | u | - | u/ʊ | u | u |
| 0650 | ِ | i | - | i | i | i | i | i | i | - | i/ɨ/ʉ/ɪ | i | i |
| 0622 | آ | ʼā/ā | ʾā | ā | ʾā | ʾā/ā | ʾā | ʾā | - | - | - | - | ʔaː |
| 0623 | أ | ʼ | ʾa | a | ʾ/a | ʾa | ʾa | ʾa | - | - | - | - | - |
| 0625 | إ | ʼ | ʾi | i | ʾ/i | ʾi | ʾi | ʾi | - | - | - | - | - |
| 0624 | ؤ | ʼ | - | u | - | ʾu | ʾu | ʾu | - | - | - | - | - |
| 0626 | ئ | ʼ | - | i | - | ʾi | ʾi | ʾi | - | - | - | - | - |
| 0621 | ء | ʼ | ʾ | ʼ | ʾ | ˈ/ˌ | ʾ | ʾ | ʾ | ʾ | ʔ | ʔ/ʼ | ʔ |
| 064B | ً | - | - | - | an | an | an | - | - | - | - | - | an |
| 064C | ٌ | - | - | - | un | un | un | - | - | - | - | - | un |
| 064D | ٍ | - | - | - | in | in | in | - | - | - | - | - | in |
Note: * 06B4 (ڴ): The BGN/PCGN Arabic 2019 document contains a Unicode labeling error (Table 3, row 6) where it lists "06B4" but shows character ڭ (06AD). Character 06B4 (GAF WITH THREE DOTS ABOVE) does not appear in BGN/PCGN Arabic 2019, and is not part of any Arabic Core romanization standard. It is used in extended Arabic scripts (Sindhi) and appears in ALA-LC Sindhi standard instead.
Persian script letters and their romanization
Standards Used:
- ISO 233-3: ISO 233-3:2023 Persian romanization standard
- UNGEGN: United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names Persian 2012
- BGN/PCGN: Board on Geographic Names/Permanent Committee on Geographical Names Persian 1958/2019
- DIN: Deutsches Institut für Normung 31635 Persian romanization
- ALA-LC: American Library Association-Library of Congress Persian romanization
- EI3: Encyclopedia of Islam Third Edition Persian transliteration
- DMG: Deutsche Morgenländische Gesellschaft Persian romanization
- OSU: Ohio State University Persian IPA
Note: For complete URL references and detailed documentation, see Persian/Farsi Standards in arabic-roman-standards.md.
Note:
- Characters marked with
-are not covered by that particular standard - Persian-specific characters: پ چ ژ گ
- Some characters represent different phonemes in Persian vs Arabic
| Unicode | Character | ISO 233-3 | UNGEGN | BGN/PCGN | DIN | ALA-LC | EI3 | DMG | OSU |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0627 | ا | ā | ā | ā | ā | ā | ā | ā | ɒ |
| 0628 | ب | b | b | b | b | b | b | b | b |
| 067E | پ | p | p | p | p | p | p | p | pʰ |
| 062A | ت | t | t | t | t | t | t | t | tʰ |
| 0629 | ة | - | h | - | - | - | at | - | - |
| 062B | ث | s̱ | s | s̄ | ṯ | s̱ | th | ṯ | s |
| 062C | ج | j | j | j | ǧ | j | j | j | d͡ʒ |
| 0686 | چ | č | č | ch | č | ch | ch | č | t͡ʃ |
| 062D | ح | ḩ | h | ḩ | ḥ | ḥ | ḥ | ḥ | h |
| 062E | خ | x | x | kh | ḫ | kh | kh | ḫ | x |
| 062F | د | d | d | d | d | d | d | d | d |
| 0630 | ذ | dh | z | z̄ | ḏ | ẕ | dh | ḏ/ẕ | - |
| 0631 | ر | r | r | r | r | r | r | r | ɾ/r/ɹ |
| 0632 | ز | z | z | z | z | z | z | z | - |
| 0698 | ژ | ž | ž | zh | ž | zh | zh | ž | ʒ |
| 0633 | س | s | s | s | s | s | s | s | - |
| 0634 | ش | š | š | sh | š | sh | sh | š | ʃ |
| 0635 | ص | ş | s | ş | ṣ | ṣ | ṣ | ṣ | - |
| 0636 | ض | z̤ | z | ẕ | ḍ | z̤ | ḍ | ḍ | - |
| 0637 | ط | ţ | t | ţ | ṭ | ṭ | ṭ | ṭ | - |
| 0638 | ظ | z̧ | z | z̧ | ẓ | ẓ | ẓ | ẓ | z |
| 0639 | ع | ʻ | ʻ | ʻ | ʿ | ʿ | ʿ | ʿ | - |
| 063A | غ | ġ | q | gh | ġ | gh | gh | ġ | - |
| 0641 | ف | f | f | f | f | f | f | f | f |
| 0642 | ق | q | q | q | q | q | q | q | ɢ |
| 0643 | ك | - | - | - | - | - | - | k | - |
| 06A9 | ک | k | k | k | k | k | k | k | kʰ |
| 06AF | گ | g | g | g | g | g | g | g | ɡ |
| 0644 | ل | l | l | l | l | l | l | l | l |
| 0645 | م | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | m |
| 0646 | ن | n | n | n | n | n | n | n | n |
| 0647 | ه | h | h | h | h | h | h | h/e | h/æ |
| 0648 | و | v | v | v/ū/ow | w/ū | v/ū/aw | v/ū | v/ū/o | v/u/oʊ |
| 064A | ي | - | - | - | y/ī | y/ī/ay | - | y/ī | - |
| 0649 | ى | - | - | y/ī/ey | y/ī | - | - | - | i/eɪ |
| 06CC | ی | y | y | y | y/ī | - | ī/iyyi | y/ī | j/i/eɪ |
| 0674 | ٴ | - | - | ʼ/e/ye | - | - | - | - | - |
| 0674 | ٴ | - | - | ʼ/e/ye | - | - | - | - | - |
| 062E+0648 | خو | - | - | - | - | - | khw | - | - |
| 062E+0648 | خو | - | - | - | - | - | khw | - | - |
| 064E | َ | - | a | a | - | - | - | a | æ |
| 064F | ُ | - | o | o | - | - | - | u | u |
| 0650 | ِ | - | e | e | - | - | - | i | i |
| 0654 | ٔ | - | - | ʼ/e/ye | - | - | - | - | - |
| 0622 | آ | ʼā | ā | ā/ʼā | - | - | ʾā | ʾā | ʔɒ |
| 0623 | أ | ʼa | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 0625 | إ | ʼi | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 0624 | ؤ | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 0626 | ئ | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 0621 | ء | ʼ | ʼ | - | ʾ | - | ʾ | - | ʔ |
Urdu and Punjabi script letters and their romanization
Standards Used:
- ALA-LC: American Library Association-Library of Congress Urdu romanization
- BGN/PCGN: United States Board on Geographic Names / Permanent Committee on Geographical Names for British Official Use Urdu romanization (2018)
- UNGEGN Urdu: United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names Urdu romanization (1972)
- DIN: Deutsche Institut für Normung Urdu romanization (DIN 31635)
- DMG: Deutsche Morgenländische Gesellschaft Urdu romanization
- EI3: Encyclopaedia of Islam, 3rd edition romanization for Urdu and Punjabi
- UNGEGN Punjabi: United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names Punjabi romanization
- CLE: Centre for Language Engineering Urdu IPA
- Wikipedia Urdu: Wikipedia Urdu language IPA
- Wikipedia Punjabi: Wikipedia Punjabi language IPA
Note: For complete URL references and detailed documentation, see Panjab Region Standards in arabic-roman-standards.md.
| Unicode | Character | ALA-LC | BGN/PCGN | UNGEGN Urdu | DIN | DMG | EI3 | UNGEGN Punjabi | CLE | WP Urdu | WP Punjabi |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0621 | ء | - | ʼ | - | ʾ | ʾ | ʾ | - | ə | ʔ | ʔ |
| 0622 | آ | ʼā | ā | - | - | ʾā | ʾā | - | ɑ | ɑ | aː |
| 0623 | أ | - | - | - | - | ʾa | - | - | - | - | - |
| 0624 | ؤ | - | - | - | - | ʾu | - | - | - | - | - |
| 0625 | إ | - | - | - | - | ʾi | - | - | - | - | - |
| 0626 | ئ | - | ʼ | - | - | ʾi | - | - | - | - | - |
| 0627 | ا | ā | ā | ā | ā | ā | ā | ā | ɑ | ɑ | aː |
| 0628 | ب | b | b | b | b | b | b | b | b | b | b |
| 062A | ت | t | t | t | t | t | t | t | t̪ | t̪ | t̪ |
| 062B | ث | s̱ | s̄ | s | s̱ | s̱ | th | s̱ | s | s | s |
| 062C | ج | j | j | j | j | ǧ | j | j | d͡ʒ/ʤ | d͡ʒ/ʤ | d͡ʒ/ʤ |
| 062D | ح | ḥ | ḩ | h | ḥ | ḥ | ḥ | ḥ | h | ɦ | ɦ |
| 062E | خ | kh | kh | ḳh | ẖ | ḫ | kh | kh | x | x | x |
| 062F | د | d | d | d | d | d | d | d | d̪ | d̪ | d̪ |
| 0630 | ذ | ẕ | z̄ | z | ẕ | ẕ | dh | dh | z | z | z |
| 0631 | ر | r | r | r | r | r | r | r | r | r | ɾ |
| 0632 | ز | z | z | z | z | z | z | z | z | z | z |
| 0633 | س | s | s | s | s | s | s | s | s | s | s |
| 0634 | ش | sh | sh | sh | š | š | sh | sh | ʃ | ʃ | ʃ |
| 0635 | ص | ṣ | ş | s | ṣ | ṣ | ṣ | ṣ | s | s | s |
| 0636 | ض | ẓ | ẕ | z | z̤ | ż | ḍ | ḍ | z | z | z |
| 0637 | ط | t̤ | ţ | t | t̤ | ṭ | ṭ | ṭ | t̪ | t̪ | t̪ |
| 0638 | ظ | z̤ | ẓ | z | ẓ | ẓ | ẓ | ẓ | z | z | z |
| 0639 | ع | ʻ | ʻ | ʻ | ʿ | ʿ | ʿ | ʿ | ʔ | ʔ | ʔ |
| 063A | غ | gh | gh | gḥ | ġ | ġ | gh | gh | ɣ | ɣ | ɣ |
| 0641 | ف | f | f | f | f | f | f | f | f | f | f |
| 0642 | ق | q | q | q | q | q | q | q | q | q | q |
| 0643 | ك | - | - | - | - | k | - | - | - | - | - |
| 0644 | ل | l | l | l | l | l | l | l | l | l | l |
| 0645 | م | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | m |
| 0646 | ن | n | n | n | n | n/ṇ | n | n | n | n | n̪ |
| 0647 | ه | - | h | - | h | - | h | - | - | - | - |
| 0648 | و | v/ū/o/au | w/o/ū | v/ẉ | v/ū/o | w/ū/o/ō | w | v | v/o | ʋ | uː |
| 0649 | ى | - | y | y | y/ī | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 064A | ي | - | - | - | y/ī | y/ī | - | - | - | - | - |
| 064E | ◌َ | a | a | a | - | a | - | - | ə | ə | ə |
| 064F | ◌ُ | u | u | u | - | u | - | - | ʊ | ʊ | ʊ |
| 0650 | ◌ِ | i | i | i | - | i | - | - | ɪ/ɛ | ɪ | ɪ |
| 0670 | ◌ٰ | - | á | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 0679 | ٹ | ṭ | ṭ | ṭ | ṭ | ṫ | ṭ | ṭ | ʈ | ʈ | ʈ |
| 067E | پ | p | p | p | p | p | p | p | p | p | p |
| 067F | ٿ | - | - | - | - | ṫ | - | - | - | - | - |
| 0686 | چ | c | ch | ch | c | č | ch | ch | t͡ʃ/ʧ | t͡ʃ/ʧ | t͡ʃ/ʧ |
| 0688 | ڈ | ḍ | ḍ | ḍ | ḍ | ḋ | ḍ | ḍ | ɖ | ɖ | ɖ |
| 0691 | ڑ | ṛ | ṛ | ṙ | ṛ | ṙ | ṛ | ṛ | ɽ | ɽ | ɽ |
| 0698 | ژ | zh | zh | ỵ | ž | ž | zh | zh | ʒ | ʒ | ʒ |
| 06A9 | ک | k | k | k | k | k | k | k | k | k | k |
| 06AF | گ | g | g | g | g | g | g | g | ɡ | ɡ | ɡ |
| 06BA | ں | ṉ | ñ | n | ṉ | ṇ | ṅ | ṅ | - | ŋ | ŋ |
| 06BB | ڻ | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | ɳ | - |
| 06BE | ھ | h | h | h | h | h | h | h | h | h | h |
| 06C1 | ہ | h | h | h | h | h | - | h | h | ɦ | ɦ |
| 06CC | ی | y/ī/e/á/ai | y | - | y/ī | y/ī | y | y | j/i | j | iː |
| 06D2 | ے | e | e | e/ai | e | e/ē | ē | ē | e | e | e |
| 0768 | ݨ | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | ɳ |
| 076A | ݪ | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | ɭ |
| 0627+06BA | اں | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | ɑ̃ | - | - |
| 0628+06BE | بھ | bh | bh | - | - | - | b͟h | - | bʰ | bʱ | bʱ |
| 062A+06BE | تھ | th | th | - | - | - | t͟h | - | t̪ʰ | t̪ʰ | t̪ʰ |
| 062C+06BE | جھ | jh | jh | - | - | - | j͟h | - | d͡ʒʰ/ʤʰ | d͡ʒʱ/ʤʱ | d͡ʒʱ/ʤʱ |
| 062F+06BE | دھ | dh | dh | - | - | - | d͟h | - | d̪ʰ | d̪ʱ | d̪ʱ |
| 0631+06BE | رھ | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | rʰ | - | - |
| 0644+06BE | لھ | - | - | - | - | - | l͟h | - | lʰ | lʰ | - |
| 0645+06BE | مھ | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | mʰ | mʰ | - |
| 0646+06AF | نگ | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | ŋ | - | - |
| 0646+06BE | نھ | - | - | - | - | - | n͟h | - | nʰ | nʰ | - |
| 0648+064E | ◌َو | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | ɔ | - | - |
| 0648+064F | ◌ُو | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | u | - | - |
| 0648+06BA | وں | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | õ | - | - |
| 0648+06BE | وھ | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | vʰ | - | - |
| 064E+0648 | ◌َو | - | au | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 064E+06D2 | ◌َے | - | ai | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 064F+0648 | ◌ُو | - | ū | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 0650+0649 | ◌ِى | - | ī | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 0679+06BE | ٹھ | ṭh | ṭh | - | - | - | - | - | ʈʰ | ʈʰ | ʈʰ |
| 067E+06BE | پھ | ph | ph | - | - | - | p͟h | - | pʰ | pʰ | pʰ |
| 0686+06BE | چھ | ch | chh | - | - | - | c͟h͟h | - | t͡ʃʰ/ʧʰ | t͡ʃʰ/ʧʰ | t͡ʃʰ/ʧʰ |
| 0688+06BE | ڈھ | ḍh | ḍh | - | - | - | ď͟h | - | ɖʰ | ɖʱ | ɖʱ |
| 0691+06BE | ڑھ | ṛh | rh | - | - | - | - | - | ɽʰ | ɽʱ | ɽʱ |
| 06A9+06BE | کھ | kh | kh | - | - | - | k͟h | - | kʰ | kʰ | kʰ |
| 06AF+06BE | گھ | gh | gh | - | - | - | g͟h | - | ɡʰ | ɡʱ | ɡʱ |
| 06CC+06BA | یں | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | ẽ | - | - |
| 06CC+06BE | یھ | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | jʰ | jʰ | - |
| 06D2+064E | ◌َے | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | æ | - | - |
| 0648+064E+06BA | وَں | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | ɔ̃ | - | - |
| 0648+064F+06BA | وُں | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | ũ | - | - |
| 06CC+064E+06BA | يَں | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | æ̃ | - | - |
| 06CC+0650+06BA | يِں | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | ĩ | - | - |
Ottoman Turkish script letters and their romanization according to DMG Turkish, ALA-LC Ottoman, and EI3 Ottoman standards
Standards Used:
- DMG Turkish: Deutsche Morgenländische Gesellschaft adaptation for Ottoman Turkish
- ALA-LC Ottoman: American Library Association - Library of Congress Ottoman Turkish romanization
- EI3 Ottoman: Encyclopedia of Islam 3 Ottoman Turkish transliteration guidelines
Note: For complete URL references and detailed documentation, see Ottoman Turkish Standards in arabic-roman-standards.md.
Note:
- Characters marked with
-represent simplified Turkish adaptations without specific DMG diacritics - Ottoman Turkish used Arabic script from 1299-1928
- Turkish-specific adaptations: emphatic consonants simplified, vowel harmony applied
- DMG Turkish: Verified against DMG_denkschrift.txt (Turkish/Ottoman section)
- ALA-LC Ottoman: Verified against ALA-LC_Ottoman.pdf
| Unicode | Character | DMG | ALA-LC | EI3 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0627 | ا | â | - | ʾ/ā |
| 0628 | ب | b | b | b |
| 067E | پ | p | p | p |
| 062A | ت | t | t | t |
| 0629 | ة | t | h | at |
| 062B | ث | s | s | th |
| 062C | ج | ǧ | c | c |
| 0686 | چ | č | ç | ç |
| 062D | ح | h | ḥ | ḥ |
| 062E | خ | ḫ | ḫ | kh |
| 062F | د | d | d | d |
| 0630 | ذ | z | z | dh |
| 0631 | ر | r | r | r |
| 0632 | ز | z | z | z |
| 0698 | ژ | ž | j | zh |
| 0633 | س | s | s | s |
| 0634 | ش | š | ş | ş |
| 0635 | ص | s | ṣ | ṣ |
| 0636 | ض | d | ż | ḍ |
| 0637 | ط | t/d | ṭ | ṭ |
| 0638 | ظ | z | ẓ | ẓ |
| 0639 | ع | ʿ | ʻ | ʿ |
| 063A | غ | ġ | ġ | gh |
| 0641 | ف | f | f | f |
| 0642 | ق | q | ḳ | q |
| 0643 | ك | k/g | k | k/g/ğ/ñ |
| 06A9 | ک | k/g | k | k/g/ğ/ñ |
| 06AD | ڭ | j̈/ŋ | ñ | ñ |
| 06AF | گ | g | g | g |
| 0644 | ل | l | l | l |
| 0645 | م | m | m | m |
| 0646 | ن | n | n | n |
| 0647 | ه | h | h | h/e/at |
| 0648 | و | v | v | v/ū/w |
| 064A | ي | y | - | ī/iyye |
| 0649 | ى | y | y | ī/iyye |
| 06CC | ی | y | y | ī/iyye |
| 064E | َ | a | - | - |
| 064F | ُ | u/o | - | - |
| 0650 | ِ | e/i | - | - |
| 0622 | آ | ʾâ | - | ʾā |
| 0623 | أ | ʾa | ʼ | ʾa |
| 0625 | إ | ʾi | - | ʾi |
| 0624 | ؤ | ʾu | ʼ | ʾu |
| 0626 | ئ | ʾi | ʼ | ʾi |
| 0621 | ء | ʾ | ʼ | ʾ |
| 064B | ً | an | - | - |
| 064C | ٌ | un | - | - |
| 064D | ٍ | in | - | - |
Notes:
-
ك/ک (Kaf): Source document indicates "k, g, j̈, bzw. ŋ" (beziehungsweise = respectively/or). The romanization varies by context and phonetic environment in Turkish.
-
ڭ (Nef/Sagir Nün): DMG Note 8 states: "Im Osttürkischen, wo das Sagir Nün durch Nün-Kaf wiedergegeben wird, da umschreibe man es auch durch ng." (In Eastern Turkish, where the Sagir Nün is represented by Nün-Kaf, it should be transliterated as "ng"). This is the 28th letter of the Ottoman alphabet, specifically representing the nasal ng sound (IPA: [ŋ]).
Turkic language Arabic script romanization: Uyghur, Kazakh, and Kyrgyz
Standards Used:
- BGN/PCGN: Board on Geographic Names/Permanent Committee on Geographical Names Uyghur 2024
- Wikipedia Uyghur: Wikipedia Uyghur language IPA
- Wikipedia Kazakh: Wikipedia Kazakh alphabets IPA correspondence
- Wikipedia Kyrgyz: Wikipedia Kyrgyz alphabets IPA correspondence
Note: For complete URL references and detailed documentation, see Uyghur/Kazakh/Kyrgyz Standards in arabic-roman-standards.md.
Note:
- Kazakh is transitioning from Cyrillic to Latin script through 2031. Historical Arabic script correspondence is documented for reference only.
- Kyrgyz currently uses Cyrillic script officially. Historical Arabic script correspondence is documented for reference only.
| Unicode | Character | BGN/PCGN | WP Uyghur | WP Kazakh | WP Kyrgyz |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0627 | ا | a | ɑ | ɑ | ɑ |
| 06D5 | ە | e | ɛ | e | e |
| 0675 | ٵ | - | - | æ | - |
| 0628 | ب | b | b | b | b |
| 067E | پ | p | p | p | p |
| 062A | ت | t | t | t | t |
| 062C | ج | j | d͡ʒ/ʤ | ʑ | dʒ/ʤ |
| 0686 | چ | ch | t͡ʃ/ʧ | tɕ/ʨ | tʃ/ʧ |
| 062D | ح | - | - | ꭓ | ꭓ |
| 062E | خ | x | ꭓ | - | - |
| 062F | د | d | d | d | d |
| 0631 | ر | r | r | ɾ | r |
| 0632 | ز | z | z | z | z |
| 0698 | ژ | zh | ʒ | - | - |
| 0633 | س | s | s | s | s |
| 0634 | ش | sh | ʃ | ɕ | ʃ |
| 0639 | ع | - | - | ʁ | ʁ |
| 063A | غ | gh | ʁ | - | - |
| 0641 | ف | f | f | f | f |
| 06CB | ۋ | w | v | w | - |
| 0642 | ق | q | q | q | q |
| 0643 | ك | k | k | k | k |
| 06AD | ڭ | ng | ŋ | ɴ | ŋ |
| 06AF | گ | g | ɡ | ɡ | g |
| 0644 | ل | l | l | l | l |
| 0645 | م | m | m | m | m |
| 0646 | ن | n | n | n | n |
| 0647 | ه | - | - | - | - |
| 06BE | ھ | h | h | h | - |
| 0648 | و | o | o | o | o |
| 06C5 | ۅ | - | - | - | ø |
| 06C6 | ۆ | ö | ø | v | v |
| 06C7 | ۇ | u | u | ʊ | u |
| 06C8 | ۈ | ü | y | - | - |
| 06C9 | ۉ | - | - | - | y |
| 0676 | ٶ | - | - | ø | - |
| 0677 | ٷ | - | - | ʏ | - |
| 064A | ي | y | j | j | j |
| 0649 | ى | i | i | ə | ɯ |
| 06D0 | ې | ë | e | - | - |
| 0678 | ٸ | - | - | ɪ | - |
| 0674 | ٴ | - | - | - | - |
| 0626 | ئ | - | ʔ | - | i |
| 0626+0627 | ئا | a | - | - | - |
| 0626+06D0 | ئې | ë | - | - | - |
| 0626+06D5 | ئە | e | - | - | - |
| 0626+0649 | ئى | i | - | - | - |
| 0626+0648 | ئو | o | - | - | - |
| 0626+06C6 | ئۆ | ö | - | - | - |
| 0626+06C7 | ئۇ | u | - | - | - |
| 0626+06C8 | ئۈ | ü | - | - | - |
| 062A+0633 | تس | - | - | - | ts/ʦ |
| 0634+0686 | شچ | - | - | - | ʃtʃ/ʃʧ |
Kashmiri, Saraiki, and Balti script letters and their romanization (Nastaliq script style)
Standards Used:
- ALA-LC: American Library Association-Library of Congress Kashmiri romanization
- Wikipedia Kashmiri: Wikipedia Kashmiri language IPA
- Wikipedia Saraiki: Wikipedia Saraiki alphabet IPA
- Wikipedia Balti: Wikipedia Balti language IPA
Note: For complete URL references and detailed documentation, see Extended Arabic Script Standards in arabic-roman-standards.md.
| Unicode | Character | ALA-LC | WP Kashmiri | WP Saraiki | WP Balti | WP Kashmiri IPA | WP Balti IPA |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0620 | ؠ | ẏ | ʹ | ʲ | - | - | - |
| 0622 | آ | ā | - | - | - | - | - |
| 0623 | أ | ạ | - | - | - | - | - |
| 0625 | إ | uʼ | - | - | - | - | - |
| 0627 | ا | a/ā/i/u/o/ō/ọ/e/ē | – | – | a | ā/a/e/o | ɑ/ə/e/o |
| 0627+065F | اٟ | ūʼ | - | - | - | - | - |
| 0628 | ب | b | b | b | b | b | b |
| 062A | ت | t | t | t̪ | t | t | t |
| 062A+06BE | تھ | th | th | t̪ʰ | - | - | - |
| 062B | ث | s̱ | s | s | s | s | s |
| 062C | ج | j | j | d͡ʒ/ʤ | d͡ʒ/ʤ | j | d͡ʒ/ʤ |
| 062D | ح | ḥ | h | h | ɦ | h | h |
| 062E | خ | k͟h | kh | x/kʰ | x | x | x |
| 062F | د | d | d | d̪ | d | d | d |
| 0630 | ذ | ẕ | z | z | z | z | z |
| 0631 | ر | r | r | r | r | r | ɾ |
| 0632 | ز | z | z | z | z | z | z |
| 0633 | س | s | s | s | s | s | s |
| 0634 | ش | ś | sh/š | ʃ | ʃ | š | ʃ |
| 0635 | ص | ṣ | s | s | s | s | s |
| 0636 | ض | z̤ | z | z | z | z | z |
| 0637 | ط | ṯ | t | t̪ | t | t | t |
| 0638 | ظ | ẓ | z | z | z | z | z |
| 0639 | ع | ʻ | – | – | — | ā/a/e/o | ɑ/ə/e/o |
| 063A | غ | g͟h | g/ğ | ɣ/ɡ | ɣ | ǧ | ʁ/ɢ |
| 0641 | ف | f | f | f/pʰ | f | f | pʰ/f |
| 0642 | ق | q | q | q/k | q | q | q |
| 0643 | ك | k | k | k | - | - | - |
| 0643+06BE | كھ | - | kh | kʰ | - | - | - |
| 0644 | ل | l | l | l | l | l | l/ɭ/ɫ |
| 0645 | م | m | m | m | m | m | m |
| 0646 | ن | n | n | n/◌̃ | n | n | n |
| 0647 | ه | h | - | - | - | - | - |
| 0648 | و | v/ū/o/ō | v/w | ʋ | v | w/u | w/u |
| 0649 | ى | ī/ẏ | - | - | - | - | - |
| 064A | ي | y | - | - | - | - | - |
| 064E | َ | a | - | - | - | - | - |
| 064F | ُ | u | - | - | - | - | - |
| 0650 | ِ | i | - | - | - | - | - |
| 0653 | ٓ | ā | - | - | - | - | - |
| 0654 | ٔ | ạ | - | - | - | - | - |
| 0655 | ٕ | uʼ | - | - | - | - | - |
| 0672 | ٲ | ạ̄ | - | - | - | - | - |
| 0679 | ٹ | ṭ | ʈ | ʈ | ʈ | ṭ | ʈ |
| 0679+06BE | ٹھ | ṭh | ṭh | ʈʰ | - | - | - |
| 067B | ٻ | - | - | - | ɓ | - | - |
| 067E | پ | p | p | p | p | p | p |
| 067E+06BE | پھ | ph | ph | pʰ | - | - | - |
| 0683 | ڃ | - | - | - | - | ž | ʒ |
| 0684 | ڄ | - | - | - | ʄ | - | - |
| 0686 | چ | c | ch/č | t͡ʃ/ʧ | t͡ʃ/ʧ | č | t͡ʃ/ʧ |
| 0686+06BE | چھ | ch | chh/čh | t͡ʃʰ/ʧʰ | - | - | - |
| 0687 | ڇ | - | - | - | - | č̣ | ʈ͡ʂ/ꭧ |
| 0688 | ڈ | ḍ | ḍ | ɖ | ɖ | ḍ | ɖ |
| 0691 | ڑ | ṛ | ṛ | ɽ | ɽ | ṛ | ɽ |
| 0697 | ڗ | - | - | - | - | đ/dz | d͡z/ʣ |
| 0698 | ژ | ts | ts | t͡s/ʦ | ʒ | c/ts | t͡s/ʦ |
| 0698+06BE | ژھ | tsh | tsh | t͡sʰ/ʦʰ | - | - | - |
| 06A9 | ک | k | - | - | k | k | k |
| 06A9+0654 | کٔ | - | - | - | - | ǩ/ṡ | ɕ |
| 06A9+06BE | کھ | kha | - | - | - | - | - |
| 06AF | گ | g | g | ɡ | g | g | ɡ |
| 06B3 | ڳ | - | - | - | ɠ | - | - |
| 06BA | ں | - | ñ | ◌̃ | ◌̃ | - | - |
| 06BE | ھ | - | - | - | ◌ʰ | h | ʰ/ʱ |
| 06C1 | ہ | - | h | h | ɦ | h | h |
| 06C4 | ۄ | ọ | - | - | - | - | - |
| 06C6 | ۆ | o | - | - | - | - | - |
| 06CC | ی | y/ī/ē | y | j | j | y/i | j/i |
| 06D2 | ے | y/ē | y | j | e | e/ay | e |
| 0759 | ݙ | - | - | - | ᶑ | - | - |
| 075C | ݜ | - | - | - | - | ʂ | ʂ |
| 0768 | ݨ | - | - | - | ɳ | ŋ/ng | ŋ |
| 0769 | ݩ | - | - | - | - | ň/ny | ɲ |
Pashto, Sindhi, Kurdish (Sorani), and Balochi script letters and their romanization (Naskh script style)
Standards Used:
- ALA-LC Pashto: American Library Association-Library of Congress Pashto romanization
- DIN Pashto: Deutsches Institut für Normung 31635 Pashto romanization
- ALA-LC Sindhi: American Library Association-Library of Congress Sindhi romanization
- SLA: Sindhi Language Authority Sindhi IPA
- Wikipedia Sindhi: Wikipedia Sindhi alphabet IPA
- DIN Kurdish: Deutsches Institut für Normung 31635 Kurdish Sorani romanization
- ALA-LC Kurdish: American Library Association-Library of Congress Kurdish Sorani romanization
- BGN/PCGN: Board on Geographic Names/Permanent Committee on Geographical Names Baluchi 2008
- Wikipedia Pashto: Wikipedia Pashto phonology IPA
- Wikipedia Kurdish: Wikipedia Kurdish IPA
- Wikipedia Balochi: Wikipedia Balochi alphabets IPA
- BAS: Balochi Academy Sarbaz standard romanization (2017)
- BAS IPA: Balochi Academy Sarbaz IPA phonetic transcription
Note: For complete URL references and detailed documentation, see Extended Arabic Script Standards in arabic-roman-standards.md.
| Unicode | Character | ALA-LC Pashto | DIN Pashto | WP Pashto | ALA-LC Sindhi | SLA | WP Sindhi | DIN Kurdish | ALA-LC Kurdish | WP Kurdish | BGN/PCGN | BAS | BAS IPA | WP Balochi |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0621 | ء | ʼ | ʾ | ʔ | — | — | ʔ | - | - | - | ʼ | - | - | - |
| 0621+064E | ءَ | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | ā | - | - | - |
| 0621+0650 | ءِ | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | ay | - | - | - |
| 0622 | آ | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | ā | à | ɑ | ɑ |
| 0624 | ؤ | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | ɑuː |
| 0626 | ئ | - | ei | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | ae | ae/ɛ | ɛ |
| 0626+0647 | ئه | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | e | - | - | - | - | - |
| 0626+0650 | ئِ | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | i | - | - | - | - | - |
| 0626+06CC | ئی | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | ai | ɑiː | ɑiː |
| 0626+06CE | ئێ | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | ê | - | - | - | - | - |
| 0627 | ا | a/u/i/ā/ū/ī/o/e/aw/ay/ạ | ā | ɑ | — | a | ʔ/aː | a | a | ɑː | ā | à | ɑ | a |
| 0627+0624 | اؤ | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | au | ɑuː | - |
| 0627+06CC | ای | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | i | i | - |
| 0628 | ب | b | b | b | b | b | b | b | b | b | b | b | b | b |
| 0628+06BE | بھ | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | bh | - | - | - |
| 0629 | ة | h | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 062A | ت | t | t | t̪ | t | t | t | t | t/tʼ | t | t | t | t | t̪ |
| 062A+06BE | تھ | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | thʼ | - | - | - |
| 062B | ث | s̱ | ṯ | s | s̱ | ś | s | - | - | - | t͟h | ť | tʼ | - |
| 062C | ج | j | ǧ | d͡ʒ/ʤ | j | ɟ | d͡ʑ/ʥ | c | c | d͡ʒ/ʤ | j | j | d͡ʒ/ʤ | d͡ʒ/ʤ |
| 062C+0647 | جه | - | - | - | jh | ɟʰ | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 062C+0647+06C1 | جهہ | - | - | - | - | - | d͡ʑʰ/ʥʰ | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 062C+06BE | جھ | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | jh | - | - | - |
| 062D | ح | ḥ | ḥ | h | ḥ | ħ | h | ẖ | ḧ/hʼ | ħ | ḩ | - | - | - |
| 062D+06BE | حھ | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | dhʼ | - | - | - |
| 062E | خ | kh | ḫ | x | k͟h | x | x | x | x | x | kh | - | - | - |
| 062F | د | d | d | d̪ | d | d | d | d | d | d | d | d | d | d̪ |
| 0630 | ذ | ẕ | ḏ | z | ẕ | ż | z | - | - | - | d͟h | ď | ɗ | - |
| 0631 | ر | r | r | r | r | r | r | r | r | ɾ | r | r | ɾ | ɾ |
| 0631+06BE | رھ | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | ṛh | - | - | - |
| 0632 | ز | z | z | z | z | z | z | z | z | z | z | z | z | z |
| 0633 | س | s | s | s | s | s | s | s | s | s | s | s | s | s |
| 0634 | ش | sh | š | ʃ | sh | ʃ | ʂ | ş | ș/ş | ʃ | sh | š | ʃ | ʃ |
| 0635 | ص | ṣ | ṣ | s | ṣ | ʂ | s | - | ṣ | - | ş | - | - | - |
| 0636 | ض | ẓ | ḍ | z | ẓ | ʑ | z | - | ḍ | - | ẕ | - | - | - |
| 0637 | ط | t̤ | ṭ | t | t̤ | ŧ | t | - | ṭ | - | ţ | - | - | - |
| 0638 | ظ | z̤ | ẓ | z | z̤ | ʑ | z | - | - | - | z̧ | - | - | - |
| 0639 | ع | ʻ | ʿ | ʔ | ʻ | ʔ | ɑː/oː/eː/ʔ | ʿ | ʻ | - | ʻ | - | - | - |
| 0639+0647 | عه | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | ʻe/eʼ | - | - | - | - | - |
| 063A | غ | gh | ġ | ɣ | g͟h | ɣ | ɣ | x̱ | ẍ | ɣ | gh | - | - | - |
| 0641 | ف | f | f | f | f | f | f | f | f | f | f | - | - | f |
| 0642 | ق | q | q | q | q | q | q | q | q | q | q | - | - | - |
| 0643 | ك | k | - | - | - | - | - | - | k | - | k | - | - | - |
| 0644 | ل | l | l | l | l | l | l | l | l | l | l | l | l | l |
| 0644+0647+06C1 | لهہ | - | - | - | - | - | lʱ | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 0645 | م | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | m |
| 0645+0647+06C1 | مهہ | - | - | - | - | - | mʰ | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 0646 | ن | n | n | n | n | n | n/◌̃ | n | n | n | n | n | n | n |
| 0646+0647+06C1 | نهہ | - | - | - | - | - | nʰ | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 0646+065A | نٚ | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | ŋ | - | - | - | - |
| 0647 | ه | h | h | h | h | ɦ | h | - | e | - | h | - | - | - |
| 0648 | و | w/ū/o/aw/u | w/ū/ō/au | w | v/o | w | ʋ/ʊ/oː/ɔː/uː | u/w | u/w | w | w/o | w | w | w |
| 0648+0648 | وو | - | - | - | - | - | - | û | û | uː | - | u | u | - |
| 0649 | ى | y/á/ạy | y/ī/ē/ai/ei | - | - | - | - | î/y | - | iː | y | - | - | - |
| 064A | ي | y | y/ī/ē/ai/ei | j | y/e | j | - | î/y | î/y | - | - | - | - | - |
| 064B | ً | an | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 064E | َ | - | - | - | a | - | - | - | - | - | a | a | ʌ | a |
| 064E+0627 | َا | - | - | - | ā | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 064E+0648+0652 | َوْ | - | - | - | au | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 064E+06CC | َی | - | - | - | ā | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 064E+06CC+0652 | َیْ | - | - | - | ai | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 064E+06D2 | َے | - | - | - | ā | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 064F | ُ | - | - | - | u | - | - | - | - | - | u | o | o | o |
| 064F+0648 | ُو | - | - | - | ū | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 0650 | ِ | - | - | - | i | - | - | - | i | - | i | e | e | e |
| 0650+06CC | ِی | - | - | - | ī | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 0651 | ّ | (doubled) | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 0670 | ٰ | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | á | - | - | - |
| 0679 | ٹ | - | t́ | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | ṭ | ť | tʼ | ʈ |
| 0679+06BE | ٹھ | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | ṭh | - | - | - |
| 067A | ٺ | - | - | - | ṭh | ʈh | ʈʰ | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 067B | ٻ | - | - | - | b̤ | ɓ | ɓ | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 067C | ټ | ṭ | t́ | ʈ | - | - | - | - | - | - | ṭ | - | - | - |
| 067D | ٽ | - | - | - | ṭ | ʈ | ʈ | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 067E | پ | p | p | p | p | p | p | p | p/pʼ | p | p | p | p | p |
| 067E+06BE | پھ | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | ph | - | - | - |
| 067F | ٿ | - | - | - | th | tʰ | tʰ | - | - | - | t͟h | - | - | - |
| 0680 | ڀ | - | - | - | bh | bʰ | bʱ | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 0681 | ځ | ż | ć | d͡z/ʣ | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 0683 | ڃ | - | - | - | ñ | ɲ | ɲ | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 0684 | ڄ | - | - | - | j̈ | ʄ | ʄ | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 0685 | څ | ṡ | c | t͡s/ʦ | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 0686 | چ | ch | č | t͡ʃ/ʧ | c | c | t͡ɕ/ʨ | ç | ç | t͡ʃ/ʧ | ch | c | t͡ʃ/ʧ | t͡ʃ/ʧ |
| 0686+06BE | چھ | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | chh | - | - | - |
| 0687 | ڇ | - | - | - | ch | cʰ | t͡ɕʰ/ʨʰ | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 0688 | ڈ | - | d́ | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | ḍ | ď | ɗ | ɖ |
| 0688+06BE | ڈھ | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | ḍh | - | - | - |
| 0689 | ډ | ḍ | d́ | ɖ | - | - | - | - | - | - | ḍ | - | - | - |
| 068A | ڊ | - | - | - | ḍ | ḍ | ɖ | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 068C | ڌ | - | - | - | dh | dʰ | dʱ | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 068D | ڍ | - | - | - | ḍh | ḍh | ɖʱ | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 068F | ڏ | - | - | - | d̤ | ɗ | ɗ | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 0691 | ڑ | - | ŕ | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | ṛ | - | - | - |
| 0693 | ړ | ṛ | ŕ | ɽ | - | - | - | - | - | - | ṛ | - | - | - |
| 0695 | ڕ | - | - | - | - | - | - | ṟ | r̄ | r | - | - | - | - |
| 0696 | ږ | ẓh | ǵ | ʐ | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 0698 | ژ | zh | ž | ʒ | - | - | ʒ | j | j | ʒ | zh | ž | ʒ | ʒ |
| 0699 | ڙ | - | - | - | ṛ | ɽ | ɽ | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 0699+0647+06C1 | ڙهہ | - | - | - | - | - | ɽʰ | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 069A | ښ | ṣh | x́ | ʂ | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 06A4 | ڤ | - | - | - | - | - | - | v | v | v | - | - | - | - |
| 06A6 | ڦ | - | - | - | ph | pʰ | pʰ | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 06A9 | ک | - | k | k | kh | kʰ | kʰ | k | k/kʼ | k | k | k | k | k |
| 06A9+06BE | کھ | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | khʼ | - | - | - |
| 06AA | ڪ | - | - | - | k | k | k | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 06AB | ګ | g | g | ɡ | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 06AD | ڭ | - | - | ŋ | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 06AF | گ | g | g | ɡ | g | g | ɡ | g | g | ɡ | g | g | ɡ | ɡ |
| 06AF+0647 | گه | - | - | - | gh | gʰ | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 06AF+0647+06C1 | گهہ | - | - | - | - | - | ɡʱ | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 06AF+06BE | گھ | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | ghʼ | - | - | - |
| 06B1 | ڱ | - | - | - | ṅ | ŋ | ŋ | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 06B3 | ڳ | - | - | - | g̈ | ɠ | ɠ | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 06B5 | ڵ | - | - | - | - | - | - | ḻ | ł | ɫ | - | - | - | - |
| 06BA | ں | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | ñ | - | - | - |
| 06BB | ڻ | - | - | - | ṇ | ɳ | ɳ | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 06BB+0647+06C1 | ڻهہ | - | - | - | - | - | ɳʰ | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 06BC | ڼ | ṇ | ń | ɳ | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 06BE | ھ | h | h | h | - | - | h | h | h | h | h | h | h | h |
| 06C1 | ہ | - | - | - | - | - | ə/əʰ | e | - | - | h | h | h | h |
| 06C6 | ۆ | - | - | - | - | - | - | o | o | oː | - | - | - | - |
| 06CC | ی | y/ī/e/ay | y/ī/ē/ai/ei | j | - | - | j/iː | î/y | î/y | j | - | y | j | j |
| 06CD | ۍ | ạy | ei | əi | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 06CE | ێ | - | - | - | - | - | - | ê | ê | eː | - | - | - | - |
| 06CF | ۏ | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | ò | ɯ | oː |
| 06D0 | ې | e | ē | e | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 06D2 | ے | e | ē | - | e | - | - | - | - | - | e | è | ɪ | eː |
| 06D3 | ۓ | ạy | ei | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 06D5 | ە | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | ɛ | - | - | - | - |
| 06FD | ۽ | - | - | - | - | - | ãĩ̯ | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 06FE | ۾ | - | - | - | - | - | mẽ | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 0754 | ݔ | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | è | ɪ | - |
- BGN/PCGN: Board on Geographic Names/Permanent Committee on Geographical Names
- UNGEGN: United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names (shows 1972/2018 when versions differ)
- ALA-LC: American Library Association-Library of Congress
- DIN: Deutsches Institut für Normung
- ISO: International Organization for Standardization (ISO 233:1984)
- ISO 233-2: ISO 233-2:1993 Simplified Arabic romanization
- Wehr: Hans Wehr system (Deutsche Morgenländische Gesellschaft)
- Brill: Brill Simple Arabic transliteration
- EI3: Encyclopedia of Islam Third Edition romanization system
- Hunterian: Hunterian transliteration system (for Urdu)
- Local Standard: Regional or national romanization standards
- Arabic Core (AAR1R): Based on
adobe-arabic-1-roman.txt- IPA values verified against Ohio State University Egyptian Arabic IPA Guide
- Urdu/Farsi/Punjabi (AAR2R): Based on
adobe-arabic-2-roman.txtwith linguistic research- IPA values verified against Ohio State University Persian IPA Guide
- Uyghur/Kazakh/Kyrgyz (AAR3R): Based on
adobe-arabic-3-roman.txtwith Turkic language standards - Extended (AAR5R): Based on
adobe-arabic-5-roman.txtwith specialized language research
- Verified data: All romanization mappings verified against official source documents
- UNGEGN with
/syntax: Shows differences between 1972 and 2018 versions (format: 1972/2018) - Alternative romanizations: Slash notation (
/) indicates multiple valid romanization options - Character codes and names: All verified from official Unicode specifications and Adobe module files
- Only Arabic script letters are included (no digits, punctuation, or diacritics)
- Focus on characters that have meaningful romanization equivalents
- Shared characters between modules are noted in original module files
- Each table uses standards most relevant to its language family
- Arabic Core: International geographic and academic standards
- AAR2R: Library and linguistic standards for Indo-Iranian languages
- AAR3R: Geographic standards for Turkic languages
- Extended: Specialized standards for individual languages (Pashto, Sindhi, etc.)