[v5] Undefined binding(s) detected for keys [0] when compiling RAW query

[e-e]

I have a query that looks like the following (db is postgres):

const topics = await Topic.query()
      .where("user_id", user.id)
      .preload("posts", (postBuilder) => {
        postBuilder
          .whereHas("tasks", (tasksBuilder) => {
            tasksBuilder.whereRaw("DATE(completed_at) = ?", [date]);
          })
          .orWhereRaw("DATE(created_at) = ?", [date])
          .preload("tasks", (tasksBuilder) => {
            tasksBuilder.whereRaw("DATE(completed_at) = ?", [date]);
          });
      });

Full error:

Undefined binding(s) detected for keys [0] when compiling RAW query: DATE(completed_at) = ?
     err: {
       "type": "Error",
       "message": "Undefined binding(s) detected for keys [0] when compiling RAW query: DATE(completed_at) = ?",
       "stack":
           Error: Undefined binding(s) detected for keys [0] when compiling RAW query: DATE(completed_at) = ?
               at Raw.toSQL (/opt/project/node_modules/knex/lib/raw.js:110:13)
               at unwrapRaw (/opt/project/node_modules/knex/lib/formatter/wrappingFormatter.js:116:19)
               at QueryCompiler_PG.whereRaw (/opt/project/node_modules/knex/lib/query/querycompiler.js:1118:7)
               at QueryCompiler_PG.where (/opt/project/node_modules/knex/lib/query/querycompiler.js:573:34)
               at QueryCompiler_PG.toSQL (/opt/project/node_modules/knex/lib/query/querycompiler.js:73:29)
               at compileCallback (/opt/project/node_modules/knex/lib/formatter/formatterUtils.js:13:19)
               at rawOrFn (/opt/project/node_modules/knex/lib/formatter/wrappingFormatter.js:225:7)
               at QueryCompiler_PG.whereWrapped (/opt/project/node_modules/knex/lib/query/querycompiler.js:1084:17)
               at QueryCompiler_PG.where (/opt/project/node_modules/knex/lib/query/querycompiler.js:573:34)
               at /opt/project/node_modules/knex/lib/query/querycompiler.js:133:40
       "status": 500
     }

I am under the impression that the query builder or knex or whatever is not recognizing the bind parameter placeholders, because when I change the query to this (note the single-quotes around the ? placeholders):

const topics = await Topic.query()
      .where("user_id", user.id)
      .preload("posts", (postBuilder) => {
        postBuilder
          .whereHas("tasks", (tasksBuilder) => {
            tasksBuilder.whereRaw("DATE(completed_at) = '?'", [date]);
          })
          .orWhereRaw("DATE(created_at) = '?'", [date])
          .preload("tasks", (tasksBuilder) => {
            tasksBuilder.whereRaw("DATE(completed_at) = '?'", [date]);
          });
      });

it generates the indexed placedholders $1, $2, etc, but I get a new error about how the types are incorrect.

select * from "posts" where (exists (select * from "tasks" where (DATE(completed_at) = '$1') and ("posts"."id" = "tasks"."post_id")) or DATE(created_at) = '$2') and ("topic_id" in ($3)) - invalid input syntax for type date: "$1"
     err: {
       "type": "DatabaseError",
       "message": "select * from \"posts\" where (exists (select * from \"tasks\" where (DATE(completed_at) = '$1') and (\"posts\".\"id\" = \"tasks\".\"post_id\")) or DATE(created_at) = '$2') and (\"topic_id\" in ($3)) - invalid input syntax for type date: \"$1\"",
       "stack":
           error: select * from "posts" where (exists (select * from "tasks" where (DATE(completed_at) = '$1') and ("posts"."id" = "tasks"."post_id")) or DATE(created_at) = '$2') and ("topic_id" in ($3)) - invalid input syntax for type date: "$1"
               at Parser.parseErrorMessage (/opt/project/node_modules/pg-protocol/src/parser.ts:369:69)
               at Parser.handlePacket (/opt/project/node_modules/pg-protocol/src/parser.ts:188:21)
               at Parser.parse (/opt/project/node_modules/pg-protocol/src/parser.ts:103:30)
               at Socket.<anonymous> (/opt/project/node_modules/pg-protocol/src/index.ts:7:48)
               at Socket.emit (node:events:513:28)
               at addChunk (node:internal/streams/readable:315:12)
               at readableAddChunk (node:internal/streams/readable:289:9)
               at Socket.Readable.push (node:internal/streams/readable:228:10)
               at TCP.onStreamRead (node:internal/stream_base_commons:190:23)
       "length": 110,
       "name": "error",
       "severity": "ERROR",
       "code": "22007",
       "position": "88",
       "file": "datetime.c",
       "line": "3758",
       "routine": "DateTimeParseError",
       "status": 500
     }

I am doing something obviously wrong here? From what I could find the docs don't go into much more detail than

Database
  .from('users')
  .whereRaw('username = ?', [username])

[e-e]

Never mind, apparently Undefined binding(s) literally means undefined -> date was undefined 🤦