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# The Agent–User Interaction (AG-UI) Protocol
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*A horizontal standard to bring AI agents into user‑facing frontend applications.*
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AG‑UI is the boundary layer where AI agents and users meet. It standardizes how agent state, UI intents, and user interactions flow between your model/agent runtime and your app's frontend—so you can ship reliable, debuggable, user‑friendly agentic features fast.
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AG-UI is an <u><strong>open</strong></u>, <u><strong>lightweight</strong></u>, <u><strong>event-based</strong></u> protocol that standardizes how AI agents connect to user-facing applications.
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Built for simplicity and flexibility, it standardizes how agent state, UI intents, and user interactions flow between your model/agent runtime and user-facing frontend applications—to allow application developers to ship reliable, debuggable, user‑friendly agentic features fast.
Agentic applications break the simple request/response model that dominated frontend-backend development in the pre-agentic era: a client makes a request, the server returns data, the client renders it, and the interaction ends.
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#### The requirements of user‑facing agents
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While agents are just software, they exhibit characteristics that make them challenging to serve behind traditional REST/GraphQL APIs:
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- Agents are **long‑running** and **stream** intermediate work—often across multi‑turn sessions.
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- Agents are **nondeterministic** and can **control application UI nondeterministically**.
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- Agents simultanously mix **structured + unstructured IO** (e.g. text & voice, alongside tool calls and state updates).
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- Agents need user-interactive **composition**: e.g. they may call sub‑agents, often recursively.
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- And more...
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AG-UI builds on top of the foundational protocols of the web (HTTP, WebSockets) as an abstraction layer designed for the agentic age—bridging the gap between traditional client-server architectures and the dynamic, stateful nature of AI agents.
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**First‑party partnerships & integrations**
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### The AI protocol landscape
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*AG‑UI works across leading agent frameworks and frontend stacks, with shared vocabulary and primitives that keep your UX consistent as your agents evolve.*
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AG-UI has emerged as the 3rd leg of the AI protocol landscape:
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- MCP: Connects agents to tool and to context.
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- A2A: Connects agents to other agents.
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- AG-UI: Connects agents to users (through user-facing applications)
These protocols are complimentary and have distinct technical goals; and a single agent can and often does use all 3 simultanously.
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Where these protocols intersect, there are opportunities for seamless handoffs and interoperability—work on these integration points is actively ongoing.
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AG-UI's mandate is to support the full set of building blocks required by modern agentic applications.
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## Why Agentic Apps need AG-UI
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**Agentic apps break the classic request/response contract.** Agents run for longer, stream work as they go, and make nondeterministic choices that can affect your UI and state. AG‑UI defines a clean, observable boundary so frontends remain predictable while agents stay flexible.
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### What's hard about user‑facing agents?
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- Agents are **long‑running** and **stream** intermediate work—often across multi‑turn sessions.
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- Agents are **nondeterministic** and can **control UI** in ways that must be supervised.
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- Apps must mix **structured + unstructured IO** (text, voice, tool calls, state updates).
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- Agents need **composition**: agents **call sub‑agents**, often non-deterministically.
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With AG‑UI, these become deliberate, well‑typed interactions rather than ad‑hoc wiring.
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## Supported Frameworks
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AG-UI was born from an initial partnership between CopilotKit, LangGraph and CrewAI - and is steadily gaining integrations across the wider AI developer ecosystem.
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