diff --git a/Gemfile b/Gemfile
index a29fffd5c..ec902ddfa 100644
--- a/Gemfile
+++ b/Gemfile
@@ -60,6 +60,12 @@ gem "uk_postcode"
 # For structured logging
 gem "lograge"
 
+# For distributed tracing and telemetry
+gem "opentelemetry-exporter-otlp", "~> 0.31.1"
+gem "opentelemetry-instrumentation-all", "~> 0.89.1"
+gem "opentelemetry-propagator-xray", "~> 0.26.0"
+gem "opentelemetry-sdk", "~> 1.10"
+
 # For AWS interactions
 gem "aws-sdk-cloudwatch"
 gem "aws-sdk-codepipeline", "~> 1.110"
diff --git a/Gemfile.lock b/Gemfile.lock
index 3d14afc39..a58546a6f 100644
--- a/Gemfile.lock
+++ b/Gemfile.lock
@@ -211,6 +211,29 @@ GEM
       raabro (~> 1.4)
     globalid (1.3.0)
       activesupport (>= 6.1)
+    google-protobuf (4.33.2)
+      bigdecimal
+      rake (>= 13)
+    google-protobuf (4.33.2-aarch64-linux-gnu)
+      bigdecimal
+      rake (>= 13)
+    google-protobuf (4.33.2-aarch64-linux-musl)
+      bigdecimal
+      rake (>= 13)
+    google-protobuf (4.33.2-arm64-darwin)
+      bigdecimal
+      rake (>= 13)
+    google-protobuf (4.33.2-x86_64-darwin)
+      bigdecimal
+      rake (>= 13)
+    google-protobuf (4.33.2-x86_64-linux-gnu)
+      bigdecimal
+      rake (>= 13)
+    google-protobuf (4.33.2-x86_64-linux-musl)
+      bigdecimal
+      rake (>= 13)
+    googleapis-common-protos-types (1.22.0)
+      google-protobuf (~> 4.26)
     govuk-components (5.13.1)
       html-attributes-utils (~> 1.0.0, >= 1.0.0)
       pagy (>= 6, < 10)
@@ -309,6 +332,180 @@ GEM
       racc (~> 1.4)
     notifications-ruby-client (6.2.0)
       jwt (>= 1.5, < 3)
+    opentelemetry-api (1.7.0)
+    opentelemetry-common (0.23.0)
+      opentelemetry-api (~> 1.0)
+    opentelemetry-exporter-otlp (0.31.1)
+      google-protobuf (>= 3.18)
+      googleapis-common-protos-types (~> 1.3)
+      opentelemetry-api (~> 1.1)
+      opentelemetry-common (~> 0.20)
+      opentelemetry-sdk (~> 1.10)
+      opentelemetry-semantic_conventions
+    opentelemetry-helpers-mysql (0.4.0)
+      opentelemetry-api (~> 1.7)
+      opentelemetry-common (~> 0.21)
+    opentelemetry-helpers-sql (0.3.0)
+      opentelemetry-api (~> 1.7)
+    opentelemetry-helpers-sql-processor (0.3.1)
+      opentelemetry-common (~> 0.21)
+    opentelemetry-instrumentation-action_mailer (0.6.1)
+      opentelemetry-instrumentation-active_support (~> 0.10)
+    opentelemetry-instrumentation-action_pack (0.15.1)
+      opentelemetry-instrumentation-rack (~> 0.29)
+    opentelemetry-instrumentation-action_view (0.11.1)
+      opentelemetry-instrumentation-active_support (~> 0.10)
+    opentelemetry-instrumentation-active_job (0.10.1)
+      opentelemetry-instrumentation-base (~> 0.25)
+    opentelemetry-instrumentation-active_model_serializers (0.24.0)
+      opentelemetry-instrumentation-active_support (>= 0.7.0)
+    opentelemetry-instrumentation-active_record (0.11.1)
+      opentelemetry-instrumentation-base (~> 0.25)
+    opentelemetry-instrumentation-active_storage (0.3.1)
+      opentelemetry-instrumentation-active_support (~> 0.10)
+    opentelemetry-instrumentation-active_support (0.10.1)
+      opentelemetry-instrumentation-base (~> 0.25)
+    opentelemetry-instrumentation-all (0.89.1)
+      opentelemetry-instrumentation-active_model_serializers (~> 0.24.0)
+      opentelemetry-instrumentation-anthropic (~> 0.3.0)
+      opentelemetry-instrumentation-aws_lambda (~> 0.6.0)
+      opentelemetry-instrumentation-aws_sdk (~> 0.11.0)
+      opentelemetry-instrumentation-bunny (~> 0.24.0)
+      opentelemetry-instrumentation-concurrent_ruby (~> 0.24.0)
+      opentelemetry-instrumentation-dalli (~> 0.29.0)
+      opentelemetry-instrumentation-delayed_job (~> 0.25.1)
+      opentelemetry-instrumentation-ethon (~> 0.26.0)
+      opentelemetry-instrumentation-excon (~> 0.26.0)
+      opentelemetry-instrumentation-faraday (~> 0.30.0)
+      opentelemetry-instrumentation-grape (~> 0.5.0)
+      opentelemetry-instrumentation-graphql (~> 0.31.1)
+      opentelemetry-instrumentation-grpc (~> 0.4.1)
+      opentelemetry-instrumentation-gruf (~> 0.5.0)
+      opentelemetry-instrumentation-http (~> 0.27.0)
+      opentelemetry-instrumentation-http_client (~> 0.26.0)
+      opentelemetry-instrumentation-httpx (~> 0.5.0)
+      opentelemetry-instrumentation-koala (~> 0.23.0)
+      opentelemetry-instrumentation-lmdb (~> 0.25.0)
+      opentelemetry-instrumentation-mongo (~> 0.25.0)
+      opentelemetry-instrumentation-mysql2 (~> 0.32.1)
+      opentelemetry-instrumentation-net_http (~> 0.26.0)
+      opentelemetry-instrumentation-pg (~> 0.34.1)
+      opentelemetry-instrumentation-que (~> 0.12.0)
+      opentelemetry-instrumentation-racecar (~> 0.6.0)
+      opentelemetry-instrumentation-rack (~> 0.29.0)
+      opentelemetry-instrumentation-rails (~> 0.39.1)
+      opentelemetry-instrumentation-rake (~> 0.5.0)
+      opentelemetry-instrumentation-rdkafka (~> 0.9.0)
+      opentelemetry-instrumentation-redis (~> 0.28.0)
+      opentelemetry-instrumentation-resque (~> 0.8.0)
+      opentelemetry-instrumentation-restclient (~> 0.26.0)
+      opentelemetry-instrumentation-ruby_kafka (~> 0.24.0)
+      opentelemetry-instrumentation-sidekiq (~> 0.28.1)
+      opentelemetry-instrumentation-sinatra (~> 0.28.0)
+      opentelemetry-instrumentation-trilogy (~> 0.65.1)
+    opentelemetry-instrumentation-anthropic (0.3.0)
+      opentelemetry-instrumentation-base (~> 0.25)
+    opentelemetry-instrumentation-aws_lambda (0.6.0)
+      opentelemetry-instrumentation-base (~> 0.25)
+    opentelemetry-instrumentation-aws_sdk (0.11.0)
+      opentelemetry-instrumentation-base (~> 0.25)
+    opentelemetry-instrumentation-base (0.25.0)
+      opentelemetry-api (~> 1.7)
+      opentelemetry-common (~> 0.21)
+      opentelemetry-registry (~> 0.1)
+    opentelemetry-instrumentation-bunny (0.24.0)
+      opentelemetry-instrumentation-base (~> 0.25)
+    opentelemetry-instrumentation-concurrent_ruby (0.24.0)
+      opentelemetry-instrumentation-base (~> 0.25)
+    opentelemetry-instrumentation-dalli (0.29.0)
+      opentelemetry-instrumentation-base (~> 0.25)
+    opentelemetry-instrumentation-delayed_job (0.25.1)
+      opentelemetry-instrumentation-base (~> 0.25)
+    opentelemetry-instrumentation-ethon (0.26.0)
+      opentelemetry-instrumentation-base (~> 0.25)
+    opentelemetry-instrumentation-excon (0.26.1)
+      opentelemetry-instrumentation-base (~> 0.25)
+    opentelemetry-instrumentation-faraday (0.30.1)
+      opentelemetry-instrumentation-base (~> 0.25)
+    opentelemetry-instrumentation-grape (0.5.0)
+      opentelemetry-instrumentation-rack (~> 0.29)
+    opentelemetry-instrumentation-graphql (0.31.2)
+      opentelemetry-instrumentation-base (~> 0.25)
+    opentelemetry-instrumentation-grpc (0.4.1)
+      opentelemetry-instrumentation-base (~> 0.25)
+    opentelemetry-instrumentation-gruf (0.5.0)
+      opentelemetry-instrumentation-base (~> 0.25)
+    opentelemetry-instrumentation-http (0.27.1)
+      opentelemetry-instrumentation-base (~> 0.25)
+    opentelemetry-instrumentation-http_client (0.26.1)
+      opentelemetry-instrumentation-base (~> 0.25)
+    opentelemetry-instrumentation-httpx (0.5.1)
+      opentelemetry-instrumentation-base (~> 0.25)
+    opentelemetry-instrumentation-koala (0.23.0)
+      opentelemetry-instrumentation-base (~> 0.25)
+    opentelemetry-instrumentation-lmdb (0.25.0)
+      opentelemetry-instrumentation-base (~> 0.25)
+    opentelemetry-instrumentation-mongo (0.25.0)
+      opentelemetry-instrumentation-base (~> 0.25)
+    opentelemetry-instrumentation-mysql2 (0.32.1)
+      opentelemetry-helpers-mysql
+      opentelemetry-helpers-sql
+      opentelemetry-helpers-sql-processor
+      opentelemetry-instrumentation-base (~> 0.25)
+    opentelemetry-instrumentation-net_http (0.26.1)
+      opentelemetry-instrumentation-base (~> 0.25)
+    opentelemetry-instrumentation-pg (0.34.1)
+      opentelemetry-helpers-sql
+      opentelemetry-helpers-sql-processor
+      opentelemetry-instrumentation-base (~> 0.25)
+    opentelemetry-instrumentation-que (0.12.0)
+      opentelemetry-instrumentation-base (~> 0.25)
+    opentelemetry-instrumentation-racecar (0.6.1)
+      opentelemetry-instrumentation-base (~> 0.25)
+    opentelemetry-instrumentation-rack (0.29.0)
+      opentelemetry-instrumentation-base (~> 0.25)
+    opentelemetry-instrumentation-rails (0.39.1)
+      opentelemetry-instrumentation-action_mailer (~> 0.6)
+      opentelemetry-instrumentation-action_pack (~> 0.15)
+      opentelemetry-instrumentation-action_view (~> 0.11)
+      opentelemetry-instrumentation-active_job (~> 0.10)
+      opentelemetry-instrumentation-active_record (~> 0.11)
+      opentelemetry-instrumentation-active_storage (~> 0.3)
+      opentelemetry-instrumentation-active_support (~> 0.10)
+      opentelemetry-instrumentation-concurrent_ruby (~> 0.23)
+    opentelemetry-instrumentation-rake (0.5.0)
+      opentelemetry-instrumentation-base (~> 0.25)
+    opentelemetry-instrumentation-rdkafka (0.9.0)
+      opentelemetry-instrumentation-base (~> 0.25)
+    opentelemetry-instrumentation-redis (0.28.0)
+      opentelemetry-instrumentation-base (~> 0.25)
+    opentelemetry-instrumentation-resque (0.8.0)
+      opentelemetry-instrumentation-base (~> 0.25)
+    opentelemetry-instrumentation-restclient (0.26.0)
+      opentelemetry-instrumentation-base (~> 0.25)
+    opentelemetry-instrumentation-ruby_kafka (0.24.0)
+      opentelemetry-instrumentation-base (~> 0.25)
+    opentelemetry-instrumentation-sidekiq (0.28.1)
+      opentelemetry-instrumentation-base (~> 0.25)
+    opentelemetry-instrumentation-sinatra (0.28.0)
+      opentelemetry-instrumentation-rack (~> 0.29)
+    opentelemetry-instrumentation-trilogy (0.65.1)
+      opentelemetry-helpers-mysql
+      opentelemetry-helpers-sql
+      opentelemetry-helpers-sql-processor
+      opentelemetry-instrumentation-base (~> 0.25)
+      opentelemetry-semantic_conventions (>= 1.8.0)
+    opentelemetry-propagator-xray (0.26.0)
+      opentelemetry-api (~> 1.7)
+    opentelemetry-registry (0.4.0)
+      opentelemetry-api (~> 1.1)
+    opentelemetry-sdk (1.10.0)
+      opentelemetry-api (~> 1.1)
+      opentelemetry-common (~> 0.20)
+      opentelemetry-registry (~> 0.2)
+      opentelemetry-semantic_conventions
+    opentelemetry-semantic_conventions (1.36.0)
+      opentelemetry-api (~> 1.0)
     ostruct (0.6.3)
     pagy (9.4.0)
     parallel (1.27.0)
@@ -562,6 +759,10 @@ DEPENDENCIES
   i18n-tasks (~> 1.1.2)
   json_schemer
   lograge
+  opentelemetry-exporter-otlp (~> 0.31.1)
+  opentelemetry-instrumentation-all (~> 0.89.1)
+  opentelemetry-propagator-xray (~> 0.26.0)
+  opentelemetry-sdk (~> 1.10)
   pg (~> 1.6)
   puma (~> 7.1.0)
   rails (= 8.1.1)
@@ -645,6 +846,14 @@ CHECKSUMS
   faker (3.5.3) sha256=b961482dc0bb15ccb9a98ea7878b925669e9ae8f5e59b607da540b768137d765
   fugit (1.12.1) sha256=5898f478ede9b415f0804e42b8f3fd53f814bd85eebffceebdbc34e1107aaf68
   globalid (1.3.0) sha256=05c639ad6eb4594522a0b07983022f04aa7254626ab69445a0e493aa3786ff11
+  google-protobuf (4.33.2) sha256=748150d6c642fd655ef39efa23ecf2abe6d616020039a6d1c1764be1da530315
+  google-protobuf (4.33.2-aarch64-linux-gnu) sha256=822b2dcb707e94e652cd994642c31035935fca021adfac6164772c511eb7acd4
+  google-protobuf (4.33.2-aarch64-linux-musl) sha256=c4b64428183cfd1953ec8c37beec1036668c8ec0865cfb0b18df21181ca397ee
+  google-protobuf (4.33.2-arm64-darwin) sha256=6d0ac185fed18768e5f16338455b1e4b7c38a97fc46f352e709f7a3007b64e1d
+  google-protobuf (4.33.2-x86_64-darwin) sha256=87cde586234674562cf099e2b708a65e376e2d39b0f0f48281f4b4ea182b47f8
+  google-protobuf (4.33.2-x86_64-linux-gnu) sha256=73cba041477afcac92ff383fcbdec195ea28d96b994876d1deaa944d18f91786
+  google-protobuf (4.33.2-x86_64-linux-musl) sha256=97cdf4f772c5540f9274603b00f1474ed5e6e2238b1d8b1585e77f941a36bd2c
+  googleapis-common-protos-types (1.22.0) sha256=f97492b77bd6da0018c860d5004f512fe7cd165554d7019a8f4df6a56fbfc4c7
   govuk-components (5.13.1) sha256=74808d8188a7de2c5e83e5a829c5f8ac3851df27f82410a4a2444cf53c24cfe5
   govuk-forms-markdown (0.6.0)
   govuk_design_system_formbuilder (5.13.0) sha256=126ff4af70b36f06395e8f4f09d399944bcc10e9a41c2ff7d7773e81e92ca885
@@ -687,6 +896,62 @@ CHECKSUMS
   nokogiri (1.19.0-x86_64-linux-gnu) sha256=f482b95c713d60031d48c44ce14562f8d2ce31e3a9e8dd0ccb131e9e5a68b58c
   nokogiri (1.19.0-x86_64-linux-musl) sha256=1c4ca6b381622420073ce6043443af1d321e8ed93cc18b08e2666e5bd02ffae4
   notifications-ruby-client (6.2.0) sha256=da4ba515cef3105d7ed46d17c644a3ea437f07cbc02c6cf095cf1984a656cf72
+  opentelemetry-api (1.7.0) sha256=ccfd264ea6f2db5bf4185e3c07a1297977b44a944e2ce65457c4fe63a697214f
+  opentelemetry-common (0.23.0) sha256=da721190479d57bae0ad2207468f47f3e2c3b9a91024b5bc32c9d280183eb32c
+  opentelemetry-exporter-otlp (0.31.1) sha256=5358be17d7849cbcc4f49e1fc24105edc780a6f96c8e57b64192ab9a8e47474a
+  opentelemetry-helpers-mysql (0.4.0) sha256=d309c0b20825bdd14d4dbc75e0d3b381ffdad37d16424ceca3cb8453d9cb5a4f
+  opentelemetry-helpers-sql (0.3.0) sha256=4bb08017d6a16dd41c4d1c53c7fd30f9c5bb691195d8b458933724627b3f37f9
+  opentelemetry-helpers-sql-processor (0.3.1) sha256=6041e934bee76c593e971a8bca0979a6ee411723affdd3c11ca1312903bcd9bc
+  opentelemetry-instrumentation-action_mailer (0.6.1) sha256=8384866bdb066ae14b9a1fe686ffaf1f23468326a35af64390c0395fcd471057
+  opentelemetry-instrumentation-action_pack (0.15.1) sha256=84fade740783caeebf260aaefcbf8f1a7a4c49f946944ff520a2fb1d6b07f273
+  opentelemetry-instrumentation-action_view (0.11.1) sha256=426134dd7604b77032abe26a49d75d16de32d89af962704c0fdf4ab203e5f599
+  opentelemetry-instrumentation-active_job (0.10.1) sha256=aea1311224c20d064a8f218a44299171152dc36eeb531b9eba84bed8b3942a89
+  opentelemetry-instrumentation-active_model_serializers (0.24.0) sha256=8fe81e44167d17e45d9acfa588d20140c7640c323e58aca99e266de1bb3fce15
+  opentelemetry-instrumentation-active_record (0.11.1) sha256=1b083f34eea0449f8d6f4370b3fb4b935757fac6e4e538e67bb98211809e7c92
+  opentelemetry-instrumentation-active_storage (0.3.1) sha256=f89b0fef54921f17c0c4c38a6e0926d29afabd0ac98436fcdbb8bde85dfde89e
+  opentelemetry-instrumentation-active_support (0.10.1) sha256=82ea98367158797e33c6de96581f10aa4fe8adf0ebec832dcff5fd04c59bc57d
+  opentelemetry-instrumentation-all (0.89.1) sha256=6a7de5fd7498024a34eecb63f3d69e8d3e1a3c7933bfef444e1d64e8c2b69f04
+  opentelemetry-instrumentation-anthropic (0.3.0) sha256=09bd9b4ba6189389a6c0f7ba49f1d11f387d93b411ab585137a48b59925a48de
+  opentelemetry-instrumentation-aws_lambda (0.6.0) sha256=1a3161393cfe9bc9eddd81a0668d076c38a0a2c3d5df40e95d02f5a8fcd3334c
+  opentelemetry-instrumentation-aws_sdk (0.11.0) sha256=67a21e754ddf51e2bb8c3e46e116aa9158d8db800f34c2a9b1e0da5a6ca911e3
+  opentelemetry-instrumentation-base (0.25.0) sha256=642a3a7f08354e6e969423327a4fa67ed2cca7ac6fe5ee09e55b17d1c576da27
+  opentelemetry-instrumentation-bunny (0.24.0) sha256=1ec484e48a5f42a1d0c33e8e6bc7e9e78dd80f3ed9d63520b8a22ba564aa2585
+  opentelemetry-instrumentation-concurrent_ruby (0.24.0) sha256=229bd8b72000c59de693609bb637b8a9114992f5e0ab03730d7fd7ef91f7d1d2
+  opentelemetry-instrumentation-dalli (0.29.0) sha256=a2686650545609e8d7e281c9fd1aef529ab578ef2dcf9a6258737e4ba214bc2f
+  opentelemetry-instrumentation-delayed_job (0.25.1) sha256=47f35b10d2bfd9ac7c2bbbe10dea095a2e25db2a84f5351860ead969d180c3ec
+  opentelemetry-instrumentation-ethon (0.26.0) sha256=d4461082c84e8912ab1204340f31cae4aba58b4ae2a854d517b27116750e3752
+  opentelemetry-instrumentation-excon (0.26.1) sha256=a856816c98d45ff4cd3ec3b0d7fc1e5e340390f47478f882eb4a688cfc678fef
+  opentelemetry-instrumentation-faraday (0.30.1) sha256=526822c0575aba333e53bfdb26a4a7b6a30c9cb1b1d400d514d891f4507732f9
+  opentelemetry-instrumentation-grape (0.5.0) sha256=b9fcbe13b015b663577b8bde5b419c297da2588d0a022f4ce40f9ffc49df7624
+  opentelemetry-instrumentation-graphql (0.31.2) sha256=a4455f225427f8f9058247c8c0b351b8932567913c35ef049f7958801d401b1f
+  opentelemetry-instrumentation-grpc (0.4.1) sha256=5ffa2bb1d5ec69bcd1fe23e1d8c1a563a00351ce052fe9d76885cc43f21ebc87
+  opentelemetry-instrumentation-gruf (0.5.0) sha256=ee21be36e312e71b847c9a87168225625890121140a364b68d3668e0df58dacd
+  opentelemetry-instrumentation-http (0.27.1) sha256=ba70029da6fe9bdfadd31d539823fae3d7fefff11f3487aeeb4cc47b48cf7303
+  opentelemetry-instrumentation-http_client (0.26.1) sha256=f6af45487998db43d4b8772b4929d692189b66c5591420220e06c3848012e6ff
+  opentelemetry-instrumentation-httpx (0.5.1) sha256=3ef926ec56e208290052c8d278e3f82890a7f6dadeb01a7c9a706a3fb4da52dd
+  opentelemetry-instrumentation-koala (0.23.0) sha256=8f324b50a2a64fd4994bb2b105a4cb0c80b64ec05cf5487d2daa906c650bc6f9
+  opentelemetry-instrumentation-lmdb (0.25.0) sha256=1e4d66d583ea242d4f72051062971f5af1ea353484d224abbd0aabdd1ce5f5cb
+  opentelemetry-instrumentation-mongo (0.25.0) sha256=d04585669f928ea82e7c469f996061d39d8ff184278d57cf4fc77a6d607f9c7a
+  opentelemetry-instrumentation-mysql2 (0.32.1) sha256=9f5c705b374f7804d374e4fdb5b793c0321dea25644a006bbb76b2150452277a
+  opentelemetry-instrumentation-net_http (0.26.1) sha256=354ebf161f2aca0eaafdc9decc014f98b246994308a5de3ccf303f1d4abdfa2c
+  opentelemetry-instrumentation-pg (0.34.1) sha256=8d6d75f8d895eea040f72ac7765257e82f9aaa81eed44bd1afbcaa7f49ebb5c2
+  opentelemetry-instrumentation-que (0.12.0) sha256=3b7a84341f6af5a04f8c57860aeba4033f87c855d40c611a2fc40dde849944fb
+  opentelemetry-instrumentation-racecar (0.6.1) sha256=833f6611906fb661f577e841d4ec52549474d32b4e8edea8048162348d35b845
+  opentelemetry-instrumentation-rack (0.29.0) sha256=9e2cbb8336087064cbe33b502d917d85b174162bc717efda1cfdbd182342f377
+  opentelemetry-instrumentation-rails (0.39.1) sha256=7959df7895543040fbb5cd3877c37bc9f95d79ff9d7749334314c50b871ac96f
+  opentelemetry-instrumentation-rake (0.5.0) sha256=fa6bd019078975ac8a67eaea06294e4fe6707e6770d8ced88d74dc573b0a01ef
+  opentelemetry-instrumentation-rdkafka (0.9.0) sha256=f3beb56828c584d7d91a2c46f6e5a2ef82289b1d4445b1eb5bc13b80ab6aca89
+  opentelemetry-instrumentation-redis (0.28.0) sha256=8721957d1c527dd22bd564d17f3a8db252081abb302be189511282d023693900
+  opentelemetry-instrumentation-resque (0.8.0) sha256=559edde9d6273dd757ae5149ed36e26d147b63028d084121203f51c8cff805e5
+  opentelemetry-instrumentation-restclient (0.26.0) sha256=5d4e9d93ef51564a1023c076e17b4ac3b42fe81003321d9fb66e44886538bdce
+  opentelemetry-instrumentation-ruby_kafka (0.24.0) sha256=257e891f4ce630ba3e0669408d497b44afcc493cd49aed09343d5a51fa8952c2
+  opentelemetry-instrumentation-sidekiq (0.28.1) sha256=abc85d62996a5362e7a9fd7af9f6c709d01ce04795514d12fee5126335ae97ae
+  opentelemetry-instrumentation-sinatra (0.28.0) sha256=9f11d68c580a421cadd633aca1f8f92707d6b6995d48fffa045a48c187347f26
+  opentelemetry-instrumentation-trilogy (0.65.1) sha256=4e20ef2aee15613ea9e5468c1561184fc94cde615f3174c6f5d80c76fea8ccbd
+  opentelemetry-propagator-xray (0.26.0) sha256=c8f4328599e5749d3896aec118088de4a58914c4801802fe49cdf4f4fba6374f
+  opentelemetry-registry (0.4.0) sha256=903fa6bfaa29eac1c1d73a4fdd29b850977b5353b84b8cdff11222c00ad2968f
+  opentelemetry-sdk (1.10.0) sha256=43719949be8df24dcaeb86ebbf75636cda87d51a01af2729499b92a48b80521a
+  opentelemetry-semantic_conventions (1.36.0) sha256=c1b1607dbc7853aac7f9e23f6e8b76969c45b07f2b812a4aa4383c19a3b0f617
   ostruct (0.6.3) sha256=95a2ed4a4bd1d190784e666b47b2d3f078e4a9efda2fccf18f84ddc6538ed912
   pagy (9.4.0) sha256=db3f2e043f684155f18f78be62a81e8d033e39b9f97b1e1a8d12ad38d7bce738
   parallel (1.27.0) sha256=4ac151e1806b755fb4e2dc2332cbf0e54f2e24ba821ff2d3dcf86bf6dc4ae130
diff --git a/app/controllers/application_controller.rb b/app/controllers/application_controller.rb
index d339a9643..7bd6ba0e9 100644
--- a/app/controllers/application_controller.rb
+++ b/app/controllers/application_controller.rb
@@ -35,6 +35,16 @@ def set_request_logging_attributes
     CurrentRequestLoggingAttributes.page_slug = params[:page_slug] if params[:page_slug].present?
     CurrentRequestLoggingAttributes.session_id_hash = session_id_hash
     CurrentRequestLoggingAttributes.trace_id = request.env["HTTP_X_AMZN_TRACE_ID"] if request.env["HTTP_X_AMZN_TRACE_ID"].present?
+
+    # Add same attributes to OpenTelemetry span for journey tracking
+    TelemetryService.set_request_attributes({
+      "session.id_hash" => session_id_hash,
+      "request.host" => request.host,
+      "request.id" => request.request_id,
+      "form.id" => params[:form_id],
+      "page.id" => params[:page_slug]&.match(Page::PAGE_ID_REGEX) ? params[:page_slug] : nil,
+      "page.slug" => params[:page_slug],
+    })
   end
 
   def log_rescued_exception(exception)
diff --git a/app/controllers/forms/base_controller.rb b/app/controllers/forms/base_controller.rb
index a4b94046f..ff6a30621 100644
--- a/app/controllers/forms/base_controller.rb
+++ b/app/controllers/forms/base_controller.rb
@@ -23,6 +23,14 @@ def set_request_logging_attributes
       super
       CurrentRequestLoggingAttributes.form_name = @form.name
       CurrentRequestLoggingAttributes.preview = mode.preview?
+
+      # Add form-level attributes to OpenTelemetry span
+      TelemetryService.set_request_attributes({
+        "form.name" => @form.name,
+        "form.slug" => @form.form_slug,
+        "mode.type" => mode.to_s,
+        "mode.preview" => mode.preview?,
+      })
     end
 
   private
diff --git a/app/controllers/forms/page_controller.rb b/app/controllers/forms/page_controller.rb
index 406256e3f..bff046854 100644
--- a/app/controllers/forms/page_controller.rb
+++ b/app/controllers/forms/page_controller.rb
@@ -6,6 +6,9 @@ def set_request_logging_attributes
       super
       CurrentRequestLoggingAttributes.question_number = @step.page_number if @step&.page_number
       CurrentRequestLoggingAttributes.answer_type = @step&.page&.answer_type if @step&.page&.answer_type
+
+      # Add question-level attributes to OpenTelemetry span
+      TelemetryService.set_question_attributes(@step, @form) if @step && @form
     end
 
     def show
diff --git a/app/lib/flow/context.rb b/app/lib/flow/context.rb
index d447bf088..8e1196ab7 100644
--- a/app/lib/flow/context.rb
+++ b/app/lib/flow/context.rb
@@ -15,7 +15,15 @@ def initialize(form:, store:)
     delegate :save_submission_details, :get_submission_reference, :requested_email_confirmation?, :clear_submission_details, to: :confirmation_details_store
 
     def save_step(step, context: nil)
-      return false unless step.valid?(context)
+      is_valid = step.valid?(context)
+
+      if is_valid
+        TelemetryService.record_validation_success
+      else
+        TelemetryService.record_validation_failure(step)
+      end
+
+      return false unless is_valid
 
       step.save_to_store(@answer_store)
     end
diff --git a/app/services/api/v2/form_document_repository.rb b/app/services/api/v2/form_document_repository.rb
index 613c48384..71e9e159e 100644
--- a/app/services/api/v2/form_document_repository.rb
+++ b/app/services/api/v2/form_document_repository.rb
@@ -3,11 +3,26 @@ class << self
     def find(form_id:, tag:, language: :en)
       raise ActiveResource::ResourceNotFound.new(404, "Not Found") unless form_id.to_s =~ /^[[:alnum:]]+$/
 
-      form_document = Api::V2::FormDocumentResource.get(form_id, tag, **options_for_language(language))
-      form = Form.new(form_document, true)
-      form.document_json = form_document
-      form.prefix_options = { form_id:, tag: }
-      form
+      TelemetryService.trace("api.forms_admin.fetch_form", attributes: {
+        "api.endpoint" => "#{Settings.forms_api.base_url}/api/v2/form/#{form_id}/#{tag}",
+        "api.method" => "GET",
+        "form.id" => form_id.to_s,
+        "form.tag" => tag.to_s,
+        "form.language" => language.to_s,
+      }) do |span|
+        form_document = Api::V2::FormDocumentResource.get(form_id, tag, **options_for_language(language))
+
+        span.set_attribute("api.response.status", 200)
+        span.set_attribute("form.name", form_document.name) if form_document.respond_to?(:name)
+
+        form = Form.new(form_document, true)
+        form.document_json = form_document
+        form.prefix_options = { form_id:, tag: }
+        form
+      end
+    rescue ActiveResource::ResourceNotFound => e
+      # Re-raise but let the span record the error
+      raise
     end
 
     def find_with_mode(form_id:, mode:, language: :en)
diff --git a/app/services/form_submission_service.rb b/app/services/form_submission_service.rb
index 446e0f1dd..e09679959 100644
--- a/app/services/form_submission_service.rb
+++ b/app/services/form_submission_service.rb
@@ -23,14 +23,22 @@ def initialize(current_context:, email_confirmation_input:, mode:)
   end
 
   def submit
-    ensure_form_english
-    validate_submission
-
-    confirmation_mail = setup_confirmation_email if requested_confirmation?
-    deliver_submission
-    send_confirmation_email(confirmation_mail) if confirmation_mail.present?
-
-    submission_reference
+    TelemetryService.trace("form.submission.process", attributes: {
+      "submission.type" => form.submission_type,
+      "submission.format" => form.submission_format,
+      "submission.reference" => submission_reference,
+      "form.id" => form.id.to_s,
+      "confirmation.requested" => requested_confirmation?,
+    }) do
+      ensure_form_english
+      validate_submission
+
+      confirmation_mail = setup_confirmation_email if requested_confirmation?
+      deliver_submission
+      send_confirmation_email(confirmation_mail) if confirmation_mail.present?
+
+      submission_reference
+    end
   end
 
 private
@@ -71,31 +79,42 @@ def deliver_submission
   end
 
   def deliver_submission_via_s3
-    s3_submission_service = S3SubmissionService.new(
-      journey: current_context.journey,
-      form: form,
-      timestamp: timestamp,
-      submission_reference: submission_reference,
-      is_preview: mode.preview?,
-    )
-
-    s3_submission_service.submit
+    TelemetryService.trace("form.submission.deliver_s3", attributes: {
+      "submission.reference" => submission_reference,
+      "submission.format" => form.submission_format,
+      "form.id" => form.id.to_s,
+    }) do
+      s3_submission_service = S3SubmissionService.new(
+        journey: current_context.journey,
+        form: form,
+        timestamp: timestamp,
+        submission_reference: submission_reference,
+        is_preview: mode.preview?,
+      )
+
+      s3_submission_service.submit
+    end
   end
 
   def deliver_submission_via_email
-    submission = Submission.create!(
-      reference: submission_reference,
-      form_id: form.id,
-      answers: current_context.answers,
-      mode: mode,
-      form_document: form.document_json,
-    )
-
-    SendSubmissionJob.perform_later(submission) do |job|
-      unless job.successfully_enqueued?
-        submission.destroy!
-        message_suffix = ": #{job.enqueue_error&.message}" if job.enqueue_error
-        raise StandardError, "Failed to enqueue submission for reference #{submission_reference}#{message_suffix}"
+    TelemetryService.trace("form.submission.deliver_email", attributes: {
+      "submission.reference" => submission_reference,
+      "form.id" => form.id.to_s,
+    }) do
+      submission = Submission.create!(
+        reference: submission_reference,
+        form_id: form.id,
+        answers: current_context.answers,
+        mode: mode,
+        form_document: form.document_json,
+      )
+
+      SendSubmissionJob.perform_later(submission) do |job|
+        unless job.successfully_enqueued?
+          submission.destroy!
+          message_suffix = ": #{job.enqueue_error&.message}" if job.enqueue_error
+          raise StandardError, "Failed to enqueue submission for reference #{submission_reference}#{message_suffix}"
+        end
       end
     end
   end
diff --git a/app/services/s3_submission_service.rb b/app/services/s3_submission_service.rb
index 42ea914ee..a23aafeb0 100644
--- a/app/services/s3_submission_service.rb
+++ b/app/services/s3_submission_service.rb
@@ -17,23 +17,36 @@ def submit
     raise StandardError, "S3 bucket account ID is not set on the form" if @form.s3_bucket_aws_account_id.nil?
     raise StandardError, "S3 bucket region is not set on the form" if @form.s3_bucket_region.nil?
 
-    # We send the uploaded files before the submissions CSV so that processors can have automations run when the CSV
-    # file arrives and the referenced files will already be present
-    copy_uploaded_files_to_bucket
-
-    submission_content, key =
-      case @form.submission_format
-      when %w[csv]
-        [generate_csv_submission, generate_key("form_submission.csv")]
-      when %w[json]
-        [generate_json_submission, generate_key("form_submission.json")]
-      else
-        raise StandardError, "Unsupported submission format: #{@form.submission_format.inspect}"
-      end
-
-    upload_submission_to_s3(submission_content, key)
-
-    delete_uploaded_files_from_our_bucket
+    file_count = @journey.completed_file_upload_questions.count
+
+    TelemetryService.trace("submission.s3.upload", attributes: {
+      "s3.bucket" => @form.s3_bucket_name,
+      "s3.region" => @form.s3_bucket_region,
+      "submission.format" => @form.submission_format.join(","),
+      "submission.reference" => @submission_reference,
+      "submission.file_count" => file_count,
+    }) do |span|
+      # We send the uploaded files before the submissions CSV so that processors can have automations run when the CSV
+      # file arrives and the referenced files will already be present
+      copy_uploaded_files_to_bucket
+
+      submission_content, key =
+        case @form.submission_format
+        when %w[csv]
+          [generate_csv_submission, generate_key("form_submission.csv")]
+        when %w[json]
+          [generate_json_submission, generate_key("form_submission.json")]
+        else
+          raise StandardError, "Unsupported submission format: #{@form.submission_format.inspect}"
+        end
+
+      span.set_attribute("submission.size_bytes", submission_content.bytesize)
+      span.set_attribute("s3.key", key)
+
+      upload_submission_to_s3(submission_content, key)
+
+      delete_uploaded_files_from_our_bucket
+    end
   end
 
 private
diff --git a/app/services/telemetry_service.rb b/app/services/telemetry_service.rb
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e36cb85af
--- /dev/null
+++ b/app/services/telemetry_service.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,117 @@
+class TelemetryService
+  # OpenTelemetry tracing service for adding span attributes
+  # Follows the same pattern as CloudWatchService and LogEventService
+  #
+  # We are heavily using attributes, not events because X-Ray does not support events
+  # see: https://github.com/aws-observability/aws-otel-collector/issues/821
+
+  # Set request-level attributes for journey tracking
+  # Call from ApplicationController to add form/session context to all spans
+  def self.set_request_attributes(attrs)
+    return unless defined?(OpenTelemetry)
+
+    # Ensure all values are primitives (string, number, boolean, nil)
+    sanitized = attrs.compact.transform_values { |v| sanitize_attribute_value(v) }
+    current_span.add_attributes(sanitized.transform_keys(&:to_s))
+  rescue StandardError => e
+    Sentry.capture_exception(e) if defined?(Sentry)
+  end
+
+  # Set question-level attributes on page requests
+  # Call from PageController to add question context to all page spans
+  def self.set_question_attributes(step, form)
+    return unless defined?(OpenTelemetry)
+
+    attrs = {
+      "question.type" => step.question.class.name,
+      "question.id" => step.page_id,
+      "question.text" => step.question_text,
+      "question.answer_type" => step.page&.answer_type,
+      "question.number" => step.page_number,
+      "question.is_optional" => step.question.is_optional?,
+      "question.is_repeatable" => step.repeatable?,
+      "form.submission_type" => form.submission_type,
+    }.compact
+
+    sanitized = attrs.transform_values { |v| sanitize_attribute_value(v) }
+    current_span.add_attributes(sanitized)
+  rescue StandardError => e
+    Sentry.capture_exception(e) if defined?(Sentry)
+  end
+
+  def self.record_validation_failure(step)
+    return unless defined?(OpenTelemetry)
+
+    attrs = {
+      "validation.failed" => true,
+      "validation.error_count" => step.question.errors.count,
+      "validation.errors" => step.question.errors.full_messages.join(", "),
+      "validation.error_attributes" => step.question.errors.attribute_names.map(&:to_s).join(", "),
+    }
+
+    sanitized = attrs.transform_values { |v| sanitize_attribute_value(v) }
+    current_span.add_attributes(sanitized)
+  rescue StandardError => e
+    # Silently fail - don't break the app if telemetry has issues
+    Sentry.capture_exception(e) if defined?(Sentry)
+  end
+
+  def self.record_validation_success
+    return unless defined?(OpenTelemetry)
+
+    current_span.set_attribute("validation.passed", true)
+  rescue StandardError => e
+    Sentry.capture_exception(e) if defined?(Sentry)
+  end
+
+  # Create a custom span for wrapping important operations
+  # Usage: TelemetryService.trace('operation.name', attributes: {...}) { ... }
+  def self.trace(span_name, attributes: {}, &block)
+    return yield(NoOpSpan.new) unless defined?(OpenTelemetry)
+
+    # Get tracer
+    tracer = OpenTelemetry.tracer_provider.tracer("forms-runner")
+
+    # Sanitize attributes to ensure they're primitives
+    sanitized = attributes.compact.transform_values { |v| sanitize_attribute_value(v) }
+
+    tracer.in_span(span_name, attributes: sanitized, &block)
+  rescue StandardError => e
+    Sentry.capture_exception(e) if defined?(Sentry)
+    # If tracing fails, still execute the block with a no-op span
+    # This ensures business logic runs even if telemetry breaks
+    yield(NoOpSpan.new)
+  end
+
+  def self.current_span
+    OpenTelemetry::Trace.current_span
+  end
+  private_class_method :current_span
+
+  # Sanitize attribute values to ensure they're primitives (String, Integer, Float, Boolean)
+  # OpenTelemetry requires attribute values to be primitives, not complex objects
+  def self.sanitize_attribute_value(value)
+    case value
+    when String, Integer, Float, TrueClass, FalseClass, NilClass
+      value
+    when Array
+      value.join(", ")
+    else
+      value.to_s
+    end
+  end
+  private_class_method :sanitize_attribute_value
+
+  # No-op span that safely ignores all method calls
+  # Used as a fallback when tracing is disabled or fails
+  class NoOpSpan
+    def method_missing(_method_name, *_args, **_kwargs, &_block)
+      # Silently ignore all method calls (set_attribute, add_event, etc.)
+      nil
+    end
+
+    def respond_to_missing?(_method_name, _include_private = false)
+      true
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/config/initializers/opentelemetry.rb b/config/initializers/opentelemetry.rb
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..68e611742
--- /dev/null
+++ b/config/initializers/opentelemetry.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+require "opentelemetry/sdk"
+require "opentelemetry/instrumentation/all"
+
+return unless ENV["ENABLE_OTEL"] == "true"
+
+OpenTelemetry::SDK.configure do |c|
+  instrumentation_config = { "OpenTelemetry::Instrumentation::Rack" => { untraced_endpoints: ["/up"] } }
+  c.use_all(instrumentation_config)
+
+  # Disable logging for Rake tasks to avoid cluttering output
+  c.logger = Logger.new(File::NULL) if Rails.const_defined?(:Rake) && Rake.application.top_level_tasks.any?
+end