GH-48376: [C++] Update GoogleTest from 1.16.0 to 1.17.0 (#48377)

### Rationale for this change

This updates GoogleTest to version 1.17.0 to prevent potential undefined behavior in `ASSERT_DOUBLE_EQ` and `ASSERT_FLOAT_EQ` macros.

Prior to version 1.17, GoogleTest used union-based type punning which is undefined behavior in C++ (reading from a union member that wasn't most recently written).

See: google/googletest@59c924b

### What changes are included in this PR?

Updated `cpp/thirdparty/versions.txt`:
- `ARROW_GTEST_BUILD_VERSION`: 1.16.0 -> 1.17.0
- `ARROW_GTEST_BUILD_SHA256_CHECKSUM`: Updated to match new version

### Are these changes tested?

This is a dependency version update. Existing tests will validate compatibility.

### Are there any user-facing changes?

No. This updates GoogleTest to version 1.17.0 to prevent potential undefined behavior in ASSERT_DOUBLE_EQ and ASSERT_FLOAT_EQ macros.

Prior to version 1.17, GoogleTest used union-based type punning which is undefined behavior in C++ (reading from a union member that wasn't most recently written). This was fixed in GoogleTest commit 59c924bc.

See: google/googletest@59c924b

* GitHub Issue: #48376

Authored-by: Andrew Leng <[email protected]>
Signed-off-by: Sutou Kouhei <[email protected]>

Author: tennisleng

cpp/thirdparty/versions.txt

@@ -76,8 +76,8 @@ ARROW_GOOGLE_CLOUD_CPP_BUILD_VERSION=v2.22.0
 ARROW_GOOGLE_CLOUD_CPP_BUILD_SHA256_CHECKSUM=0c68782e57959c82e0c81def805c01460a042c1aae0c2feee905acaa2a2dc9bf
 ARROW_GRPC_BUILD_VERSION=v1.46.3
 ARROW_GRPC_BUILD_SHA256_CHECKSUM=d6cbf22cb5007af71b61c6be316a79397469c58c82a942552a62e708bce60964
-ARROW_GTEST_BUILD_VERSION=1.16.0
-ARROW_GTEST_BUILD_SHA256_CHECKSUM=78c676fc63881529bf97bf9d45948d905a66833fbfa5318ea2cd7478cb98f399
+ARROW_GTEST_BUILD_VERSION=1.17.0
+ARROW_GTEST_BUILD_SHA256_CHECKSUM=65fab701d9829d38cb77c14acdc431d2108bfdbf8979e40eb8ae567edf10b27c
 ARROW_JEMALLOC_BUILD_VERSION=5.3.0
 ARROW_JEMALLOC_BUILD_SHA256_CHECKSUM=2db82d1e7119df3e71b7640219b6dfe84789bc0537983c3b7ac4f7189aecfeaa
 ARROW_LZ4_BUILD_VERSION=v1.10.0