GH-47722: [C++][FlightRPC] ODBC Data Type Information (#48051)

### Rationale for this change
Implement ODBC to return information about data types supported by the data source

### What changes are included in this PR?
- SQLGetTypeInfo & Tests
### Are these changes tested?
Tested locally on MSVC

### Are there any user-facing changes?
N/A
* GitHub Issue: #47722

Authored-by: Alina (Xi) Li <alina.li@improving.com>
Signed-off-by: David Li <li.davidm96@gmail.com>

Author: alinaliBQ

cpp/src/arrow/flight/sql/odbc/odbc_api.cc

@@ -1388,8 +1388,60 @@ SQLRETURN SQLGetTypeInfo(SQLHSTMT stmt, SQLSMALLINT data_type) {
   // appropriate data types in `SEARCHABLE` field
   ARROW_LOG(DEBUG) << "SQLGetTypeInfoW called with stmt: " << stmt
                    << " data_type: " << data_type;
-  // GH-47722 TODO: Implement SQLGetTypeInfo
-  return SQL_INVALID_HANDLE;
+
+  using ODBC::ODBCStatement;
+  return ODBC::ODBCStatement::ExecuteWithDiagnostics(stmt, SQL_ERROR, [=]() {
+    ODBCStatement* statement = reinterpret_cast<ODBCStatement*>(stmt);
+
+    switch (data_type) {
+      case SQL_ALL_TYPES:
+      case SQL_CHAR:
+      case SQL_VARCHAR:
+      case SQL_LONGVARCHAR:
+      case SQL_WCHAR:
+      case SQL_WVARCHAR:
+      case SQL_WLONGVARCHAR:
+      case SQL_BIT:
+      case SQL_BINARY:
+      case SQL_VARBINARY:
+      case SQL_LONGVARBINARY:
+      case SQL_TINYINT:
+      case SQL_SMALLINT:
+      case SQL_INTEGER:
+      case SQL_BIGINT:
+      case SQL_NUMERIC:
+      case SQL_DECIMAL:
+      case SQL_FLOAT:
+      case SQL_REAL:
+      case SQL_DOUBLE:
+      case SQL_GUID:
+      case SQL_DATE:
+      case SQL_TYPE_DATE:
+      case SQL_TIME:
+      case SQL_TYPE_TIME:
+      case SQL_TIMESTAMP:
+      case SQL_TYPE_TIMESTAMP:
+      case SQL_INTERVAL_DAY:
+      case SQL_INTERVAL_DAY_TO_HOUR:
+      case SQL_INTERVAL_DAY_TO_MINUTE:
+      case SQL_INTERVAL_DAY_TO_SECOND:
+      case SQL_INTERVAL_HOUR:
+      case SQL_INTERVAL_HOUR_TO_MINUTE:
+      case SQL_INTERVAL_HOUR_TO_SECOND:
+      case SQL_INTERVAL_MINUTE:
+      case SQL_INTERVAL_MINUTE_TO_SECOND:
+      case SQL_INTERVAL_SECOND:
+      case SQL_INTERVAL_YEAR:
+      case SQL_INTERVAL_YEAR_TO_MONTH:
+      case SQL_INTERVAL_MONTH:
+        statement->GetTypeInfo(data_type);
+        break;
+      default:
+        throw DriverException("Invalid SQL data type", "HY004");
+    }
+
+    return SQL_SUCCESS;
+  });
 }
 
 SQLRETURN SQLNativeSql(SQLHDBC conn, SQLWCHAR* in_statement_text,

cpp/src/arrow/flight/sql/odbc/odbc_impl/flight_sql_statement_get_type_info.cc

@@ -108,24 +108,27 @@ Result<std::shared_ptr<RecordBatch>> TransformInner(
     data.literal_suffix = reader.GetLiteralSuffix();
 
     const auto& create_params = reader.GetCreateParams();
-    if (create_params) {
+    if (create_params && !create_params->empty()) {
+      // GH-48093 TODO: replace boost-algorithm with alternatives
       data.create_params = boost::algorithm::join(*create_params, ",");
     } else {
       data.create_params = nullopt;
     }
 
     data.nullable = reader.GetNullable() ? NULLABILITY_NULLABLE : NULLABILITY_NO_NULLS;
     data.case_sensitive = reader.GetCaseSensitive();
+    // GH-47237 return SEARCHABILITY_LIKE_ONLY and SEARCHABILITY_ALL_EXPECT_LIKE for
+    // appropriate data types
     data.searchable = reader.GetSearchable() ? SEARCHABILITY_ALL : SEARCHABILITY_NONE;
     data.unsigned_attribute = reader.GetUnsignedAttribute();
     data.fixed_prec_scale = reader.GetFixedPrecScale();
     data.auto_unique_value = reader.GetAutoIncrement();
     data.local_type_name = reader.GetLocalTypeName();
     data.minimum_scale = reader.GetMinimumScale();
     data.maximum_scale = reader.GetMaximumScale();
-    data.sql_data_type =
+    data.sql_data_type = util::GetNonConciseDataType(
         EnsureRightSqlCharType(static_cast<SqlDataType>(reader.GetSqlDataType()),
-                               metadata_settings_.use_wide_char);
+                               metadata_settings_.use_wide_char));
     data.sql_datetime_sub =
         util::GetSqlDateTimeSubCode(static_cast<SqlDataType>(data.data_type));
     data.num_prec_radix = reader.GetNumPrecRadix();

cpp/src/arrow/flight/sql/odbc/odbc_impl/util.cc

@@ -56,6 +56,9 @@ SqlDataType GetDefaultSqlCharType(bool use_wide_char) {
 SqlDataType GetDefaultSqlVarcharType(bool use_wide_char) {
   return use_wide_char ? SqlDataType_WVARCHAR : SqlDataType_VARCHAR;
 }
+SqlDataType GetDefaultSqlLongVarcharType(bool use_wide_char) {
+  return use_wide_char ? SqlDataType_WLONGVARCHAR : SqlDataType_LONGVARCHAR;
+}
 CDataType GetDefaultCCharType(bool use_wide_char) {
   return use_wide_char ? CDataType_WCHAR : CDataType_CHAR;
 }
@@ -147,6 +150,9 @@ SqlDataType EnsureRightSqlCharType(SqlDataType data_type, bool use_wide_char) {
     case SqlDataType_VARCHAR:
     case SqlDataType_WVARCHAR:
       return GetDefaultSqlVarcharType(use_wide_char);
+    case SqlDataType_LONGVARCHAR:
+    case SqlDataType_WLONGVARCHAR:
+      return GetDefaultSqlLongVarcharType(use_wide_char);
     default:
       return data_type;
   }
@@ -748,10 +754,12 @@ bool NeedArrayConversion(Type::type original_type_id, CDataType data_type) {
       return data_type != CDataType_BINARY;
     case Type::DECIMAL128:
       return data_type != CDataType_NUMERIC;
+    case Type::DURATION:
     case Type::LIST:
     case Type::LARGE_LIST:
     case Type::FIXED_SIZE_LIST:
     case Type::MAP:
+    case Type::STRING_VIEW:
     case Type::STRUCT:
       return data_type == CDataType_CHAR || data_type == CDataType_WCHAR;
     default:

cpp/src/arrow/flight/sql/odbc/tests/CMakeLists.txt

@@ -43,6 +43,7 @@ add_arrow_test(flight_sql_odbc_test
                statement_attr_test.cc
                statement_test.cc
                tables_test.cc
+               type_info_test.cc
                # Enable Protobuf cleanup after test execution
                # GH-46889: move protobuf_test_util to a more common location
                ../../../../engine/substrait/protobuf_test_util.cc