GH-45628: [C++] Ensure specifying Boost include directory for bundled Thrift (#45637)

### Rationale for this change

We must use the Boost for Apache Arrow C++ itself and bundled libraries including Apache Thrift. We can enforce it by specifying the target Boost explicitly instead of detecting Boost in each bundled libraries.

### What changes are included in this PR?

Always specify `-DBoost_INCLUDE_DIR`.

### Are these changes tested?

Yes.

### Are there any user-facing changes?

Yes.
* GitHub Issue: #45628

Authored-by: Sutou Kouhei <[email protected]>
Signed-off-by: Sutou Kouhei <[email protected]>

Author: kou

cpp/cmake_modules/ThirdpartyToolchain.cmake

@@ -1773,9 +1773,10 @@ macro(build_thrift)
   if(DEFINED BOOST_ROOT)
     list(APPEND THRIFT_CMAKE_ARGS "-DBOOST_ROOT=${BOOST_ROOT}")
   endif()
-  if(DEFINED Boost_INCLUDE_DIR)
-    list(APPEND THRIFT_CMAKE_ARGS "-DBoost_INCLUDE_DIR=${Boost_INCLUDE_DIR}")
-  endif()
+  list(APPEND
+       THRIFT_CMAKE_ARGS
+       "-DBoost_INCLUDE_DIR=$<TARGET_PROPERTY:Boost::headers,INTERFACE_INCLUDE_DIRECTORIES>"
+  )
   if(DEFINED Boost_NAMESPACE)
     list(APPEND THRIFT_CMAKE_ARGS "-DBoost_NAMESPACE=${Boost_NAMESPACE}")
   endif()