GH-48809: [CI] Fix homebrew-cpp with Mac by using formula-based dependency resolution (#48824)

### Rationale for this change

homebrew-cpp with MacOS was failing with `No such file or directory @ rb_sysopen` errors when downloading bottles for dependencies (icu4c, boost, etc.).

This appears to be caused by Homebrew's JSON API (`ghcr.io`) returning stale or corrupted metadata on GitHub Actions runners.

Disclaimer: I can't tell what is the actual cause. Seems to be a bug in Homebrew introduced from the latest MacOS runner image but I don't have any evidence for it. What I can see was that there was an recent update in MacOS images with Homebrew upgraded together:
- https://github.com/actions/runner-images/releases/tag/macos-14%2F20260105.0099
- https://github.com/actions/runner-images/releases/tag/macos-15-arm64%2F20260105.0094
- https://github.com/Homebrew/brew/releases/tag/5.0.8

which I believe are related.

### What changes are included in this PR?

Add `HOMEBREW_NO_INSTALL_FROM_API=1` to the Homebrew test workflow to use traditional formula-based dependency resolution instead of the JSON API.

### Are these changes tested?

Tested in https://github.com/ursacomputing/crossbow/actions/runs/20907195327/job/60062808357

### Are there any user-facing changes?

No, CI-only.

* GitHub Issue: #48809

Authored-by: Hyukjin Kwon <gurwls223@apache.org>
Signed-off-by: Raúl Cumplido <raulcumplido@gmail.com>

Author: HyukjinKwon

dev/tasks/homebrew-formulae/github.macos.yml

@@ -28,6 +28,9 @@ jobs:
 
       {{ macros.configure_homebrew_arrow(formula)|indent }}
       - name: Test formula
+        env:
+          # Workaround for bottle download failures on GitHub Actions runners
+          HOMEBREW_NO_INSTALL_FROM_API: 1
         run: |
           brew install -v --HEAD apache-arrow
           brew test apache-arrow