GH-48885: [C++] Add missing curl dependency of Arrow::arrow_static CMake target (#48891)

### Rationale for this change

We changed `macro(build_google_cloud_cpp_storage)` to `function(...)` in GH-48333 . So `find_curl()` doesn't change `ARROW_SYSTEM_DEPENDENCIES` in parent scope. (`function()` creates a new scope.)

### What changes are included in this PR?

Move `find_curl()` to the top-level from in `function(build_google_cloud_cpp_storage)`.

### Are these changes tested?

Yes.

### Are there any user-facing changes?

Yes.
* GitHub Issue: #48885

Authored-by: Sutou Kouhei <kou@clear-code.com>
Signed-off-by: Sutou Kouhei <kou@clear-code.com>

Author: kou

cpp/cmake_modules/ThirdpartyToolchain.cmake

@@ -3366,10 +3366,6 @@ function(build_google_cloud_cpp_storage)
   # List of dependencies taken from https://github.com/googleapis/google-cloud-cpp/blob/main/doc/packaging.md
   build_crc32c_once()
 
-  # Curl is required on all platforms, but building it internally might also trip over S3's copy.
-  # For now, force its inclusion from the underlying system or fail.
-  find_curl()
-
   fetchcontent_declare(google_cloud_cpp
                        ${FC_DECLARE_COMMON_OPTIONS}
                        URL ${google_cloud_cpp_storage_SOURCE_URL}
@@ -3453,6 +3449,9 @@ if(ARROW_WITH_GOOGLE_CLOUD_CPP)
     )
   endif()
 
+  # curl is required on all platforms. We always use system curl to
+  # avoid conflict.
+  find_curl()
   resolve_dependency(google_cloud_cpp_storage PC_PACKAGE_NAMES google_cloud_cpp_storage)
   get_target_property(google_cloud_cpp_storage_INCLUDE_DIR google-cloud-cpp::storage
                       INTERFACE_INCLUDE_DIRECTORIES)

dev/release/verify-apt.sh

@@ -162,11 +162,19 @@ if [ "${cmake_version_major}" -gt "3" ] || \
    [ "${cmake_version_major}" -eq "3" -a "${cmake_version_minor}" -ge "25" ]; then
   cp -a "${TOP_SOURCE_DIR}/cpp/examples/minimal_build" build/
   pushd build/minimal_build
-  cmake .
-  make -j$(nproc)
-  ./arrow-example
-  c++ -o arrow-example example.cc $(pkg-config --cflags --libs arrow) -std=c++20
-  ./arrow-example
+  cmake -S . -B build_shared
+  make -C build_shared -j$(nproc)
+  build_shared/arrow-example
+  cmake -S . -B build_static -DARROW_LINK_SHARED=OFF
+  make -C build_static -j$(nproc)
+  build_static/arrow-example
+  mkdir -p build_pkg_config
+  c++ \
+    example.cc \
+    -o build_pkg_config/arrow-example \
+    $(pkg-config --cflags --libs arrow) \
+    -std=c++20
+  build_pkg_config/arrow-example
   popd
 fi
 echo "::endgroup::"

dev/release/verify-yum.sh

@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ repository_version="${distribution_version}"
 
 cmake_package=cmake
 cmake_command=cmake
-devtoolset=
+gcc_toolset=
 scl_package=
 have_arrow_libs=no
 have_flight=yes
@@ -65,11 +65,17 @@ echo "::group::Prepare repository"
 case "${distribution}-${distribution_version}" in
   almalinux-8)
     distribution_prefix="almalinux"
+    gcc_toolset=14
     have_arrow_libs=yes
     ruby_devel_packages+=(redhat-rpm-config)
     install_command="dnf install -y --enablerepo=powertools"
     info_command="dnf info --enablerepo=powertools"
     ;;
+  almalinux-9)
+    distribution_prefix="almalinux"
+    gcc_toolset=12
+    ruby_devel_packages+=(redhat-rpm-config)
+    ;;
   almalinux-*)
     distribution_prefix="almalinux"
     ruby_devel_packages+=(redhat-rpm-config)
@@ -169,11 +175,11 @@ ${install_command} \
   git \
   libarchive \
   pkg-config
-if [ -n "${devtoolset}" ]; then
+if [ -n "${gcc_toolset}" ]; then
   ${install_command} \
-    devtoolset-${devtoolset}-gcc-c++ \
-    devtoolset-${devtoolset}-make
-  . /opt/rh/devtoolset-${devtoolset}/enable
+    gcc-toolset-${gcc_toolset} \
+    make
+  . /opt/rh/gcc-toolset-${gcc_toolset}/enable
 else
   ${install_command} \
     gcc-c++ \
@@ -191,13 +197,25 @@ if [ "${cmake_version_major}" -gt "3" ] || \
    [ "${cmake_version_major}" -eq "3" -a "${cmake_version_minor}" -ge "25" ]; then
   cp -a "${TOP_SOURCE_DIR}/cpp/examples/minimal_build" build/
   pushd build/minimal_build
-  ${cmake_command} .
-  make -j$(nproc)
-  ./arrow-example
-  c++ -o arrow-example example.cc $(pkg-config --cflags --libs arrow) -std=c++2a
-  ./arrow-example
+  cmake -S . -B build_shared
+  make -C build_shared -j$(nproc)
+  build_shared/arrow-example
+  cmake -S . -B build_static -DARROW_LINK_SHARED=OFF
+  make -C build_static -j$(nproc)
+  build_static/arrow-example
+  mkdir -p build_pkg_config
+  c++ \
+    example.cc \
+    -o build_pkg_config/arrow-example \
+    $(pkg-config --cflags --libs arrow) \
+    -std=c++2a
+  build_pkg_config/arrow-example
   popd
 fi
+if [ -n "${gcc_toolset}" ]; then
+  dnf remove -y "gcc-toolset-${gcc_toolset}-*"
+  ${install_command} gcc-c++
+fi
 echo "::endgroup::"
 
 if [ "${have_glib}" = "yes" ]; then