GH-45479: [CI][Release] Use Ubuntu 24.04 instead of 20.04 (#45480)

### Rationale for this change

Ubuntu 20.04 will reach EOL on 2025-05.

### What changes are included in this PR?

* Remove Ubuntu 20.04
* Add Ubuntu 24.04

### Are these changes tested?

Yes.

### Are there any user-facing changes?

No.
* GitHub Issue: #45479

Authored-by: Sutou Kouhei <[email protected]>
Signed-off-by: Sutou Kouhei <[email protected]>

Author: kou

ci/docker/ubuntu-20.04-verify-rc.dockerfile

@@ -26,11 +26,6 @@ version=$(. /etc/os-release && echo ${VERSION_ID})
 
 apt-get update -y -q
 
-if [ ${version} \> "20.04" ]; then
-  apt-get install -y -q --no-install-recommends \
-    libxsimd-dev
-fi
-
 if [ ${version} \> "22.04" ]; then
   # Some tests rely on legacy timezone aliases such as "US/Pacific"
   apt-get install -y -q --no-install-recommends \
@@ -50,6 +45,7 @@ apt-get install -y -q --no-install-recommends \
   libglib2.0-dev \
   libsqlite3-dev \
   libssl-dev \
+  libxsimd-dev \
   llvm-dev \
   ninja-build \
   nlohmann-json3-dev \

dev/release/setup-ubuntu.sh

@@ -730,17 +730,14 @@ tasks:
 
 {% for distribution, version in [("conda", "latest"),
                                  ("almalinux", "8"),
-                                 ("ubuntu", "20.04"),
-                                 ("ubuntu", "22.04")] %}
+                                 ("ubuntu", "22.04"),
+                                 ("ubuntu", "24.04")] %}
   {% for target in ["cpp",
                     "csharp",
                     "integration",
                     "js",
                     "python",
                     "ruby"] %}
-    # Skip verification for python and integration on Ubuntu 20.04
-    # GH-44253. Remove once we drop support for 20.04
-    {% if not (target in ["python", "integration"] and version == "20.04") %}
   verify-rc-source-{{ target }}-linux-{{ distribution }}-{{ version }}-amd64:
     ci: github
     template: verify-rc/github.linux.amd64.docker.yml
@@ -749,20 +746,15 @@ tasks:
         {{ distribution.upper() }}: "{{ version }}"
       target: {{ target }}
       distro: {{ distribution }}
-    {% endif %}
   {% endfor %}
 
   {% for target in ["jars", "wheels"] %}
-    # Skip verification for wheels on Ubuntu 20.04
-    # GH-44253. Remove once we drop support for 20.04
-    {% if not (target == "wheels" and version == "20.04") %}
   verify-rc-binaries-{{ target }}-linux-{{ distribution }}-{{ version }}-amd64:
     ci: github
     template: verify-rc/github.linux.amd64.docker.yml
     params:
       target: {{ target }}
       distro: {{ distribution }}
-    {% endif %}
   {% endfor %}
 
 {% endfor %}

dev/tasks/tasks.yml

@@ -2025,7 +2025,7 @@ services:
     #   docker compose build ubuntu-verify-rc
     #   docker compose run -e VERIFY_VERSION=6.0.1 -e VERIFY_RC=1 ubuntu-verify-rc
     # Parameters:
-    #   UBUNTU: 20.04, 22.04
+    #   UBUNTU: 22.04, 24.04
     image: ${REPO}:${ARCH}-ubuntu-${UBUNTU}-verify-rc
     build:
       context: .