GH-47367: [Packaging][Python] Patch vcpkg to show logs and install newer Windows SDK for vs_buildtools (#47484)

### Rationale for this change

Our Windows wheels have been failing for a long time with some errors finding header files:
```
 Python313\Lib\subprocess.py:419: CalledProcessError
---------------------------- Captured stdout call -----------------------------
Compiling extensions.pyx because it changed.
[1/1] Cythonizing extensions.pyx
Extension module: <setuptools.extension.Extension('extensions') at 0x24849772490> ['C:\\Python313\\Lib\\site-packages\\numpy\\_core\\include', 'C:\\Python313\\Lib\\site-packages\\pyarrow\\include'] ['arrow_python', 'arrow'] ['C:\\Python313\\Lib\\site-packages\\pyarrow', 'C:\\Python313\\Lib\\site-packages\\pyarrow.libs']
running build_ext
building 'extensions' extension
creating build\temp.win-amd64-cpython-313\Release
"C:\Program Files (x86)\Microsoft Visual Studio\2022\BuildTools\VC\Tools\MSVC\14.44.35207\bin\HostX86\x64\cl.exe" /c /nologo /O2 /W3 /GL /DNDEBUG /MD -IC:\Python313\Lib\site-packages\numpy\_core\include -IC:\Python313\Lib\site-packages\pyarrow\include -IC:\Python313\include -IC:\Python313\Include "-IC:\Program Files (x86)\Microsoft Visual Studio\2022\BuildTools\VC\Tools\MSVC\14.44.35207\include" "-IC:\Program Files (x86)\Microsoft Visual Studio\2022\BuildTools\VC\Auxiliary\VS\include" /EHsc /Tpextensions.cpp /Fobuild\temp.win-amd64-cpython-313\Release\extensions.obj -D_ENABLE_EXTENDED_ALIGNED_STORAGE /std:c++17
extensions.cpp
C:\Python313\include\pyconfig.h(59): fatal error C1083: Cannot open include file: 'io.h': No such file or directory
```

We also couldn't re-build our images because vcpkg was failing to build dependencies.

### What changes are included in this PR?

When installing through vs_buildtools the different components we were using a deprecated Windows SDK. Installing VCTools with all recommended packages fixes both the vcpkg build and the test failures on the wheel but due to image size we have decided to only upgrade the Windows SDK at the moment.

Link to MSVC VCTools package:
https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/visualstudio/install/workload-component-id-vs-build-tools?view=vs-2022#desktop-development-with-c

In order to understand the vcpkg failure I patched vcpkg so it prints the build log error. Patching vcpkg is also part of the PR so it can be used in the future.

### Are these changes tested?

Yes

### Are there any user-facing changes?

No
* GitHub Issue: #47367

Lead-authored-by: Raúl Cumplido <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Antoine Pitrou <[email protected]>
Signed-off-by: Antoine Pitrou <[email protected]>

Author: raulcd

.env

@@ -98,8 +98,8 @@ VCPKG="f7423ee180c4b7f40d43402c2feb3859161ef625"    # 2024.06.15 Release
 # ci/docker/python-*-windows-*.dockerfile or the vcpkg config.
 # This is a workaround for our CI problem that "archery docker build" doesn't
 # use pulled built images in dev/tasks/python-wheels/github.windows.yml.
-PYTHON_WHEEL_WINDOWS_IMAGE_REVISION=2025-02-25
-PYTHON_WHEEL_WINDOWS_TEST_IMAGE_REVISION=2025-02-25
+PYTHON_WHEEL_WINDOWS_IMAGE_REVISION=2025-09-04
+PYTHON_WHEEL_WINDOWS_TEST_IMAGE_REVISION=2025-09-04
 
 # Use conanio/${CONAN_BASE}:{CONAN_VERSION} for "docker compose run --rm conan".
 # See https://github.com/conan-io/conan-docker-tools#readme and

ci/docker/python-wheel-windows-test-vs2022-base.dockerfile

@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ RUN `
     --installPath "%ProgramFiles(x86)%\Microsoft Visual Studio\2022\BuildTools" `
     --add Microsoft.VisualStudio.Component.VC.CoreBuildTools `
     --add Microsoft.VisualStudio.Component.VC.Tools.x86.x64 `
-    --add Microsoft.VisualStudio.Component.Windows10SDK.20348 `
+    --add Microsoft.VisualStudio.Component.Windows11SDK.26100 `
     --add Microsoft.VisualStudio.Component.VC.CMake.Project `
     || IF "%ERRORLEVEL%"=="3010" EXIT 0) `
     && del /q vs_buildtools.exe

ci/docker/python-wheel-windows-vs2022-base.dockerfile

@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ RUN `
   --installPath "%ProgramFiles(x86)%\Microsoft Visual Studio\2022\BuildTools" `
   --add Microsoft.VisualStudio.Component.VC.CoreBuildTools `
   --add Microsoft.VisualStudio.Component.VC.Tools.x86.x64 `
-  --add Microsoft.VisualStudio.Component.Windows10SDK.20348 `
+  --add Microsoft.VisualStudio.Component.Windows11SDK.26100 `
   --add Microsoft.VisualStudio.Component.VC.CMake.Project `
   || IF "%ERRORLEVEL%"=="3010" EXIT 0) `
   && del /q vs_buildtools.exe

ci/scripts/install_vcpkg.sh

@@ -26,6 +26,7 @@ fi
 
 arrow_dir=$(cd -- "$(dirname -- "$0")/../.." && pwd -P)
 default_vcpkg_ports_patch="${arrow_dir}/ci/vcpkg/ports.patch"
+vcpkg_patch="${arrow_dir}/ci/vcpkg/vcpkg.patch"
 
 vcpkg_destination=$1
 vcpkg_version=${2:-}
@@ -42,6 +43,9 @@ pushd "${vcpkg_destination}"
 
 git checkout "${vcpkg_version}"
 
+git apply --verbose --ignore-whitespace "${vcpkg_patch}"
+echo "Patch successfully applied to the VCPKG files!"
+
 if [[ "${OSTYPE:-}" == "msys" ]]; then
   ./bootstrap-vcpkg.bat -disableMetrics
 else

ci/vcpkg/vcpkg.patch

@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+diff --git a/scripts/cmake/vcpkg_execute_build_process.cmake b/scripts/cmake/vcpkg_execute_build_process.cmake
+index 60fd5b587a..c8dc021af8 100644
+--- a/scripts/cmake/vcpkg_execute_build_process.cmake
++++ b/scripts/cmake/vcpkg_execute_build_process.cmake
+@@ -131,6 +131,26 @@ function(vcpkg_execute_build_process)
+             endif()
+         endforeach()
+         z_vcpkg_prettify_command_line(pretty_command ${arg_COMMAND})
++        # --- Try to print error logs
++        # Split the string by newline characters
++        string(REGEX MATCHALL "[^\n]+" file_list ${stringified_logs})
++
++        # Iterate over the list and print content of each file
++        foreach(file IN LISTS file_list)
++            string(STRIP "${file}" file_stripped)
++
++            # Print filename
++            message(STATUS "===")
++            message(STATUS "=== Build Failed. Content of ${file_stripped}:")
++
++            # Read the content of the file
++            file(READ ${file_stripped} file_content)
++
++            # Print the content
++            message(STATUS "${file_content}")
++            message(STATUS "=== End of content of ${file_stripped}")
++        endforeach()
++        # ---
+         message(FATAL_ERROR
+             "  Command failed: ${pretty_command}\n"
+             "  Working Directory: ${arg_WORKING_DIRECTORY}\n"
+diff --git a/scripts/cmake/vcpkg_execute_required_process.cmake b/scripts/cmake/vcpkg_execute_required_process.cmake
+index 830aa409fd..90452d857b 100644
+--- a/scripts/cmake/vcpkg_execute_required_process.cmake
++++ b/scripts/cmake/vcpkg_execute_required_process.cmake
+@@ -109,6 +109,26 @@ Halting portfile execution.
+         endforeach()
+ 
+         z_vcpkg_prettify_command_line(pretty_command ${arg_COMMAND})
++        # --- Try to print error logs
++        # Split the string by newline characters
++        string(REGEX MATCHALL "[^\n]+" file_list ${stringified_logs})
++
++        # Iterate over the list and print content of each file
++        foreach(file IN LISTS file_list)
++            string(STRIP "${file}" file_stripped)
++
++            # Print filename
++            message(STATUS "===")
++            message(STATUS "=== Build Failed. Content of ${file_stripped}:")
++
++            # Read the content of the file
++            file(READ ${file_stripped} file_content)
++
++            # Print the content
++            message(STATUS "${file_content}")
++            message(STATUS "=== End of content of ${file_stripped}")
++        endforeach()
++        # ---
+         message(FATAL_ERROR
+             "  Command failed: ${pretty_command}\n"
+             "  Working Directory: ${arg_WORKING_DIRECTORY}\n"