GH-48799: [C++] Improve SharedExclusiveChecker error messages (#48800)

### Rationale for this change

The XXX comment in `SharedExclusiveChecker` noted that error messages were too generic and didn't describe the actual operations involved.

**Shared lock:**

`ReadAt()`:

https://github.com/apache/arrow/blob/7be5a89ef083f38317fd94330127be5b5df648d8/cpp/src/arrow/io/concurrency.h#L210-L212
https://github.com/apache/arrow/blob/7be5a89ef083f38317fd94330127be5b5df648d8/cpp/src/arrow/io/concurrency.h#L215-L217

`GetSize()`:

https://github.com/apache/arrow/blob/7be5a89ef083f38317fd94330127be5b5df648d8/cpp/src/arrow/io/concurrency.h#L199-L201

**Exclusive lock:**

`Read()`:
https://github.com/apache/arrow/blob/7be5a89ef083f38317fd94330127be5b5df648d8/cpp/src/arrow/io/concurrency.h#L109-L111
https://github.com/apache/arrow/blob/7be5a89ef083f38317fd94330127be5b5df648d8/cpp/src/arrow/io/concurrency.h#L114-L116
https://github.com/apache/arrow/blob/7be5a89ef083f38317fd94330127be5b5df648d8/cpp/src/arrow/io/concurrency.h#L179-L181
https://github.com/apache/arrow/blob/7be5a89ef083f38317fd94330127be5b5df648d8/cpp/src/arrow/io/concurrency.h#L184-L186

`Seek()`:
https://github.com/apache/arrow/blob/7be5a89ef083f38317fd94330127be5b5df648d8/cpp/src/arrow/io/concurrency.h#L194-L196

`Tell()`:
https://github.com/apache/arrow/blob/7be5a89ef083f38317fd94330127be5b5df648d8/cpp/src/arrow/io/concurrency.h#L104-L106
https://github.com/apache/arrow/blob/7be5a89ef083f38317fd94330127be5b5df648d8/cpp/src/arrow/io/concurrency.h#L174-L176

`Peek()`:
https://github.com/apache/arrow/blob/7be5a89ef083f38317fd94330127be5b5df648d8/cpp/src/arrow/io/concurrency.h#L119-L121
https://github.com/apache/arrow/blob/7be5a89ef083f38317fd94330127be5b5df648d8/cpp/src/arrow/io/concurrency.h#L189-L191

`Close()`:
https://github.com/apache/arrow/blob/7be5a89ef083f38317fd94330127be5b5df648d8/cpp/src/arrow/io/concurrency.h#L94-L96
https://github.com/apache/arrow/blob/7be5a89ef083f38317fd94330127be5b5df648d8/cpp/src/arrow/io/concurrency.h#L164-L166

`Abort()`:
https://github.com/apache/arrow/blob/7be5a89ef083f38317fd94330127be5b5df648d8/cpp/src/arrow/io/concurrency.h#L99-L101
https://github.com/apache/arrow/blob/7be5a89ef083f38317fd94330127be5b5df648d8/cpp/src/arrow/io/concurrency.h#L169-L171

### What changes are included in this PR?

Improved three error messages in `SharedExclusiveChecker` to explicitly list the I/O operations involved:
- Shared lock operations: `ReadAt`, `GetSize`
- Exclusive lock operations: `Read`, `Seek`, `Tell`, `Peek`, `Close`, `Abort`

### Are these changes tested?

I manually tested all of combinations.

### Are there any user-facing changes?

No.

* GitHub Issue: #48799

Authored-by: Hyukjin Kwon <gurwls223@apache.org>
Signed-off-by: Antoine Pitrou <antoine@python.org>

Author: HyukjinKwon

cpp/src/arrow/io/interfaces.cc

@@ -338,10 +338,9 @@ SharedExclusiveChecker::SharedExclusiveChecker() : impl_(new Impl) {}
 
 void SharedExclusiveChecker::LockShared() {
   std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(impl_->mutex);
-  // XXX The error message doesn't really describe the actual situation
-  // (e.g. ReadAt() called while Read() call in progress)
   ARROW_CHECK_EQ(impl_->n_exclusive, 0)
-      << "Attempted to take shared lock while locked exclusive";
+      << "Cannot perform position-independent I/O (ReadAt/GetSize) while an "
+         "exclusive operation (Read/Seek/Tell/Peek/Close/Abort) is in progress";
   ++impl_->n_shared;
 }
 
@@ -354,9 +353,11 @@ void SharedExclusiveChecker::UnlockShared() {
 void SharedExclusiveChecker::LockExclusive() {
   std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(impl_->mutex);
   ARROW_CHECK_EQ(impl_->n_shared, 0)
-      << "Attempted to take exclusive lock while locked shared";
+      << "Cannot perform exclusive I/O operation (Read/Seek/Tell/Peek/Close/Abort) while "
+         "position-independent operations (ReadAt/GetSize) are in progress";
   ARROW_CHECK_EQ(impl_->n_exclusive, 0)
-      << "Attempted to take exclusive lock while already locked exclusive";
+      << "Cannot perform exclusive I/O operation (Read/Seek/Tell/Peek/Close/Abort) while "
+         "another exclusive operation is already in progress";
   ++impl_->n_exclusive;
 }