GH-48877: [C++][Parquet] Fix writer not to throw for bloom filter on disabled bool column (#48878)

### Rationale for this change

Now that #37400 is merged. After a quick integration, I found that the Parquet writer throws if bloom filter is enabled and there is at least one boolean column (even when it is not enabled).

### What changes are included in this PR?

Move the bloom filter type check after bloom filter enablement check.

### Are these changes tested?

Yes, added test to verify this does not throw.

### Are there any user-facing changes?

No.
* GitHub Issue: #48877

Authored-by: Gang Wu <ustcwg@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Gang Wu <ustcwg@gmail.com>

Author: wgtmac

cpp/src/parquet/bloom_filter_reader_writer_test.cc

@@ -153,7 +153,8 @@ TEST(BloomFilterBuilder, BasicRoundTrip) {
 TEST(BloomFilterBuilder, InvalidOperations) {
   SchemaDescriptor schema;
   schema::NodePtr root = schema::GroupNode::Make(
-      "schema", Repetition::REPEATED, {schema::ByteArray("c1"), schema::Boolean("c2")});
+      "schema", Repetition::REPEATED,
+      {schema::ByteArray("c1"), schema::Boolean("c2"), schema::Boolean("c3")});
   schema.Init(root);
 
   WriterProperties::Builder properties_builder;
@@ -173,17 +174,20 @@ TEST(BloomFilterBuilder, InvalidOperations) {
 
   // Column ordinal is out of bound.
   bloom_filter_builder->AppendRowGroup();
-  EXPECT_THROW_THAT([&]() { bloom_filter_builder->CreateBloomFilter(2); },
+  EXPECT_THROW_THAT([&]() { bloom_filter_builder->CreateBloomFilter(3); },
                     ParquetException,
-                    ::testing::Property(&ParquetException::what,
-                                        ::testing::HasSubstr("Invalid column ordinal")));
+                    ::testing::Property(
+                        &ParquetException::what,
+                        ::testing::HasSubstr("Invalid Column Index: 3 Num columns: 3")));
 
   // Boolean type is not supported.
   EXPECT_THROW_THAT(
       [&]() { bloom_filter_builder->CreateBloomFilter(1); }, ParquetException,
       ::testing::Property(
           &ParquetException::what,
           ::testing::HasSubstr("BloomFilterBuilder does not support boolean type")));
+  // Null should be returned instead of throwing exception for non-enabled boolean type.
+  EXPECT_EQ(bloom_filter_builder->CreateBloomFilter(2), nullptr);
 
   // Create a created bloom filter should throw.
   ASSERT_NO_THROW(bloom_filter_builder->CreateBloomFilter(0));

cpp/src/parquet/bloom_filter_writer.cc

@@ -199,13 +199,13 @@ void BloomFilterBuilderImpl::AppendRowGroup() {
 }
 
 BloomFilter* BloomFilterBuilderImpl::CreateBloomFilter(int32_t column_ordinal) {
-  CheckState(column_ordinal);
-
   auto opts = properties_->bloom_filter_options(schema_->Column(column_ordinal)->path());
   if (!opts.has_value()) {
     return nullptr;
   }
 
+  CheckState(column_ordinal);
+
   auto& curr_rg_bfs = *bloom_filters_.rbegin();
   if (curr_rg_bfs.find(column_ordinal) != curr_rg_bfs.cend()) {
     std::stringstream ss;