GH-47719: [C++][FlightRPC] Extract SQLTables Implementation (#48021)

### Rationale for this change
Addresses #47719

### What changes are included in this PR?
SQLTables enabled. Table tests added.

### Are these changes tested?
Tested locally on MSVC.

### Are there any user-facing changes?
No.
* GitHub Issue: #47719

Lead-authored-by: Alina (Xi) Li <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: justing-bq <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: alinalibq <[email protected]>
Signed-off-by: David Li <[email protected]>

Author: justing-bq

cpp/src/arrow/flight/sql/odbc/odbc_api.cc

@@ -1182,8 +1182,24 @@ SQLRETURN SQLTables(SQLHSTMT stmt, SQLWCHAR* catalog_name,
                    << ", table_name_length: " << table_name_length
                    << ", table_type: " << static_cast<const void*>(table_type)
                    << ", table_type_length: " << table_type_length;
-  // GH-47719 TODO: Implement SQLTables
-  return SQL_INVALID_HANDLE;
+
+  using ODBC::ODBCStatement;
+  using ODBC::SqlWcharToString;
+
+  return ODBCStatement::ExecuteWithDiagnostics(stmt, SQL_ERROR, [=]() {
+    ODBCStatement* statement = reinterpret_cast<ODBCStatement*>(stmt);
+
+    std::string catalog = SqlWcharToString(catalog_name, catalog_name_length);
+    std::string schema = SqlWcharToString(schema_name, schema_name_length);
+    std::string table = SqlWcharToString(table_name, table_name_length);
+    std::string type = SqlWcharToString(table_type, table_type_length);
+
+    statement->GetTables(catalog_name ? &catalog : nullptr,
+                         schema_name ? &schema : nullptr, table_name ? &table : nullptr,
+                         table_type ? &type : nullptr);
+
+    return SQL_SUCCESS;
+  });
 }
 
 SQLRETURN SQLColumns(SQLHSTMT stmt, SQLWCHAR* catalog_name,

cpp/src/arrow/flight/sql/odbc/tests/CMakeLists.txt

@@ -40,6 +40,7 @@ add_arrow_test(flight_sql_odbc_test
                errors_test.cc
                statement_attr_test.cc
                statement_test.cc
+               tables_test.cc
                # Enable Protobuf cleanup after test execution
                # GH-46889: move protobuf_test_util to a more common location
                ../../../../engine/substrait/protobuf_test_util.cc

cpp/src/arrow/flight/sql/odbc/tests/odbc_test_suite.cc

@@ -481,6 +481,22 @@ bool WriteDSN(Connection::ConnPropertyMap properties) {
 }
 #endif
 
+std::wstring GetStringColumnW(SQLHSTMT stmt, int col_id) {
+  SQLWCHAR buf[1024];
+  SQLLEN len_indicator = 0;
+
+  EXPECT_EQ(SQL_SUCCESS,
+            SQLGetData(stmt, col_id, SQL_C_WCHAR, buf, sizeof(buf), &len_indicator));
+
+  if (len_indicator == SQL_NULL_DATA) {
+    return L"";
+  }
+
+  // indicator is in bytes, so convert to character count
+  size_t char_count = static_cast<size_t>(len_indicator) / GetSqlWCharSize();
+  return std::wstring(buf, buf + char_count);
+}
+
 std::wstring ConvertToWString(const std::vector<SQLWCHAR>& str_val, SQLSMALLINT str_len) {
   std::wstring attr_str;
   if (str_len == 0) {

cpp/src/arrow/flight/sql/odbc/tests/odbc_test_suite.h

@@ -250,6 +250,12 @@ bool WriteDSN(std::string connection_str);
 /// \return true on success
 bool WriteDSN(Connection::ConnPropertyMap properties);
 
+/// \brief Get wide string column.
+/// \param[in] stmt Statement.
+/// \param[in] col_id Column ID to check.
+/// \return wstring
+std::wstring GetStringColumnW(SQLHSTMT stmt, int col_id);
+
 /// \brief Check wide char vector and convert into wstring
 /// \param[in] str_val Vector of SQLWCHAR.
 /// \param[in] str_len length of string, in bytes.