GH-45096: [C++] Apply a cstdint patch to bundled Thrift for GCC 15 (#45097)

### Rationale for this change

Apache Thrift misses `#include <cstdint>` for `int64_t`: apache/thrift#3078
GCC 15 requires it.

### What changes are included in this PR?

Apply apache/thrift#3078 only with GCC 15.

### Are these changes tested?

Yes.

### Are there any user-facing changes?

No.
* GitHub Issue: #45096

Authored-by: Sutou Kouhei <kou@clear-code.com>
Signed-off-by: Jonathan Keane <jkeane@gmail.com>

Author: kou

cpp/cmake_modules/ThirdpartyToolchain.cmake

@@ -1777,13 +1777,28 @@ macro(build_thrift)
     set(THRIFT_DEPENDENCIES ${THRIFT_DEPENDENCIES} boost_ep)
   endif()
 
+  set(THRIFT_PATCH_COMMAND)
+  if(CMAKE_COMPILER_IS_GNUCC AND CMAKE_CXX_COMPILER_VERSION VERSION_GREATER_EQUAL 15.0)
+    # Thrift 0.21.0 doesn't support GCC 15.
+    # https://github.com/apache/arrow/issues/45096
+    # https://github.com/apache/thrift/pull/3078
+    find_program(PATCH patch REQUIRED)
+    list(APPEND
+         THRIFT_PATCH_COMMAND
+         ${PATCH}
+         -p1
+         -i
+         ${CMAKE_CURRENT_LIST_DIR}/thrift-cstdint.patch)
+  endif()
+
   externalproject_add(thrift_ep
                       ${EP_COMMON_OPTIONS}
                       URL ${THRIFT_SOURCE_URL}
                       URL_HASH "SHA256=${ARROW_THRIFT_BUILD_SHA256_CHECKSUM}"
                       BUILD_BYPRODUCTS "${THRIFT_LIB}"
                       CMAKE_ARGS ${THRIFT_CMAKE_ARGS}
-                      DEPENDS ${THRIFT_DEPENDENCIES})
+                      DEPENDS ${THRIFT_DEPENDENCIES}
+                      PATCH_COMMAND ${THRIFT_PATCH_COMMAND})
 
   add_library(thrift::thrift STATIC IMPORTED)
   # The include directory must exist before it is referenced by a target.

cpp/cmake_modules/thrift-cstdint.patch

@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+# Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+# or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+# distributed with this work for additional information
+# regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+# to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+# "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+# with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+# software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+# "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+# KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+# specific language governing permissions and limitations
+# under the License.
+
+# https://github.com/apache/thrift/pull/3078
+
+From 1920f04398ca32e320f6cf942534ba9d8b3231fd Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
+From: Sutou Kouhei <kou@clear-code.com>
+Date: Mon, 23 Dec 2024 12:33:22 +0900
+Subject: [PATCH] THRIFT-5842: Add missing cstdint include for int64_t in
+ Mutex.h
+
+Client: cpp
+
+GCC 15 (not released yet) requires `#include <cstdint>` for `int64_t`
+but `lib/cpp/src/thrift/concurrency/Mutex.h` doesn't have it. So we
+can't build Thrift with GCC 15:
+
+    [80/359] Building CXX object lib/cpp/CMakeFiles/thrift.dir/src/thrift/transport/TSSLServerSocket.cpp.o
+    FAILED: lib/cpp/CMakeFiles/thrift.dir/src/thrift/transport/TSSLServerSocket.cpp.o
+    /bin/g++-15 -DBOOST_ALL_DYN_LINK -DBOOST_TEST_DYN_LINK -DTHRIFT_STATIC_DEFINE -D__STDC_FORMAT_MACROS -D__STDC_LIMIT_MACROS -I/home/kou/work/cpp/thrift.kou.build/lib/cpp -I/home/kou/work/cpp/thrift.kou/lib/cpp -I/home/kou/work/cpp/thrift.kou.build -I/home/kou/work/cpp/thrift.kou/lib/cpp/src -g -std=c++11 -MD -MT lib/cpp/CMakeFiles/thrift.dir/src/thrift/transport/TSSLServerSocket.cpp.o -MF lib/cpp/CMakeFiles/thrift.dir/src/thrift/transport/TSSLServerSocket.cpp.o.d -o lib/cpp/CMakeFiles/thrift.dir/src/thrift/transport/TSSLServerSocket.cpp.o -c /home/kou/work/cpp/thrift.kou/lib/cpp/src/thrift/transport/TSSLServerSocket.cpp
+    In file included from /home/kou/work/cpp/thrift.kou/lib/cpp/src/thrift/transport/TServerSocket.h:25,
+                     from /home/kou/work/cpp/thrift.kou/lib/cpp/src/thrift/transport/TSSLServerSocket.h:23,
+                     from /home/kou/work/cpp/thrift.kou/lib/cpp/src/thrift/transport/TSSLServerSocket.cpp:21:
+    /home/kou/work/cpp/thrift.kou/lib/cpp/src/thrift/concurrency/Mutex.h:47:26: error: 'int64_t' has not been declared
+       47 |   virtual bool timedlock(int64_t milliseconds) const;
+          |                          ^~~~~~~
+    /home/kou/work/cpp/thrift.kou/lib/cpp/src/thrift/concurrency/Mutex.h:25:1: note: 'int64_t' is defined in header '<cstdint>'; this is probably fixable by adding '#include <cstdint>'
+       24 | #include <thrift/TNonCopyable.h>
+      +++ |+#include <cstdint>
+       25 |
+    /home/kou/work/cpp/thrift.kou/lib/cpp/src/thrift/concurrency/Mutex.h:60:29: error: 'int64_t' has not been declared
+       60 |   Guard(const Mutex& value, int64_t timeout = 0) : mutex_(&value) {
+          |                             ^~~~~~~
+    /home/kou/work/cpp/thrift.kou/lib/cpp/src/thrift/concurrency/Mutex.h:60:29: note: 'int64_t' is defined in header '<cstdint>'; this is probably fixable by adding '#include <cstdint>'
+
+See also: https://github.com/apache/arrow/issues/45096
+---
+ lib/cpp/src/thrift/concurrency/Mutex.h | 1 +
+ 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)
+
+diff --git a/lib/cpp/src/thrift/concurrency/Mutex.h b/lib/cpp/src/thrift/concurrency/Mutex.h
+index 1e5c3fba3..12f1729d6 100644
+--- a/lib/cpp/src/thrift/concurrency/Mutex.h
++++ b/lib/cpp/src/thrift/concurrency/Mutex.h
+@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@
+ #ifndef _THRIFT_CONCURRENCY_MUTEX_H_
+ #define _THRIFT_CONCURRENCY_MUTEX_H_ 1
+ 
++#include <cstdint>
+ #include <memory>
+ #include <thrift/TNonCopyable.h>
+ 
+--
+2.45.2