GH-47720: [C++][FlightRPC] ODBC Columns Metadata (#48049)

### Rationale for this change
Add support for returning columns metadata from the connected data source.

### What changes are included in this PR?
- SQLColumns & Test
### Are these changes tested?
Tested in local MSVC

### Are there any user-facing changes?
N/A
* GitHub Issue: #47720

Authored-by: Alina (Xi) Li <[email protected]>
Signed-off-by: James Duong <[email protected]>

Author: alinaliBQ

cpp/src/arrow/flight/sql/odbc/odbc_api.cc

@@ -41,11 +41,7 @@ SQLRETURN SQLAllocHandle(SQLSMALLINT type, SQLHANDLE parent, SQLHANDLE* result)
   ARROW_LOG(DEBUG) << "SQLAllocHandle called with type: " << type
                    << ", parent: " << parent
                    << ", result: " << static_cast<const void*>(result);
-  // GH-47706 TODO: Add tests for SQLAllocStmt, pre-requisite requires
-  // SQLDriverConnect implementation
-
   *result = nullptr;
-
   switch (type) {
     case SQL_HANDLE_ENV: {
       using ODBC::ODBCEnvironment;
@@ -141,9 +137,6 @@ SQLRETURN SQLAllocHandle(SQLSMALLINT type, SQLHANDLE parent, SQLHANDLE* result)
 SQLRETURN SQLFreeHandle(SQLSMALLINT type, SQLHANDLE handle) {
   ARROW_LOG(DEBUG) << "SQLFreeHandle called with type: " << type
                    << ", handle: " << handle;
-  // GH-47706 TODO: Add tests for SQLFreeStmt, pre-requisite requires
-  // SQLAllocStmt tests
-
   switch (type) {
     case SQL_HANDLE_ENV: {
       using ODBC::ODBCEnvironment;
@@ -234,7 +227,6 @@ SQLRETURN SQLFreeStmt(SQLHSTMT handle, SQLUSMALLINT option) {
     }
 
     case SQL_UNBIND: {
-      // GH-47716 TODO: Add tests for SQLBindCol unbinding
       using ODBC::ODBCDescriptor;
       using ODBC::ODBCStatement;
       return ODBCStatement::ExecuteWithDiagnostics(handle, SQL_ERROR, [=]() {
@@ -280,7 +272,6 @@ SQLRETURN SQLGetDiagField(SQLSMALLINT handle_type, SQLHANDLE handle,
                    << ", diag_info_ptr: " << diag_info_ptr
                    << ", buffer_length: " << buffer_length << ", string_length_ptr: "
                    << static_cast<const void*>(string_length_ptr);
-  // GH-46575 TODO: Add tests for SQLGetDiagField
   using ODBC::GetStringAttribute;
   using ODBC::ODBCConnection;
   using ODBC::ODBCDescriptor;
@@ -545,7 +536,6 @@ SQLRETURN SQLGetDiagRec(SQLSMALLINT handle_type, SQLHANDLE handle, SQLSMALLINT r
                    << ", message_text: " << static_cast<const void*>(message_text)
                    << ", buffer_length: " << buffer_length
                    << ", text_length_ptr: " << static_cast<const void*>(text_length_ptr);
-  // GH-46575 TODO: Add tests for SQLGetDiagRec
   using arrow::flight::sql::odbc::Diagnostics;
   using ODBC::GetStringAttribute;
   using ODBC::ODBCConnection;
@@ -1227,8 +1217,24 @@ SQLRETURN SQLColumns(SQLHSTMT stmt, SQLWCHAR* catalog_name,
                    << ", table_name_length: " << table_name_length
                    << ", column_name: " << static_cast<const void*>(column_name)
                    << ", column_name_length: " << column_name_length;
-  // GH-47720 TODO: Implement SQLColumns
-  return SQL_INVALID_HANDLE;
+
+  using ODBC::ODBCStatement;
+  using ODBC::SqlWcharToString;
+
+  return ODBCStatement::ExecuteWithDiagnostics(stmt, SQL_ERROR, [=]() {
+    ODBCStatement* statement = reinterpret_cast<ODBCStatement*>(stmt);
+
+    std::string catalog = SqlWcharToString(catalog_name, catalog_name_length);
+    std::string schema = SqlWcharToString(schema_name, schema_name_length);
+    std::string table = SqlWcharToString(table_name, table_name_length);
+    std::string column = SqlWcharToString(column_name, column_name_length);
+
+    statement->GetColumns(catalog_name ? &catalog : nullptr,
+                          schema_name ? &schema : nullptr, table_name ? &table : nullptr,
+                          column_name ? &column : nullptr);
+
+    return SQL_SUCCESS;
+  });
 }
 
 SQLRETURN SQLColAttribute(SQLHSTMT stmt, SQLUSMALLINT record_number,

cpp/src/arrow/flight/sql/odbc/tests/CMakeLists.txt

@@ -34,6 +34,7 @@ add_arrow_test(flight_sql_odbc_test
                SOURCES
                odbc_test_suite.cc
                odbc_test_suite.h
+               columns_test.cc
                connection_attr_test.cc
                connection_info_test.cc
                connection_test.cc