GH-47291: [C++] Update bundled aws-c-common to 0.12.4 (#47292)

### Rationale for this change

We can remove a patch by updating to aws-c-common 0.12.4.

### What changes are included in this PR?

Update to 0.12.4 and remove a patch.

### Are these changes tested?

Yes.

### Are there any user-facing changes?

No.
* GitHub Issue: #47291

Authored-by: Sutou Kouhei <[email protected]>
Signed-off-by: Sutou Kouhei <[email protected]>

Author: kou

cpp/cmake_modules/ThirdpartyToolchain.cmake

@@ -5067,14 +5067,8 @@ function(build_awssdk)
     # AWS-C-CAL ->
     # AWS_C_CAL
     string(REGEX REPLACE "-" "_" BASE_VARIABLE_NAME "${BASE_VARIABLE_NAME}")
-    if(MINGW AND AWSSDK_PRODUCT STREQUAL "aws-c-common")
-      find_program(PATCH patch REQUIRED)
-      set(${BASE_VARIABLE_NAME}_PATCH_COMMAND
-          ${PATCH} -p1 -i ${CMAKE_CURRENT_LIST_DIR}/aws-c-common-1208.patch)
-    endif()
     fetchcontent_declare(${AWSSDK_PRODUCT}
                          ${FC_DECLARE_COMMON_OPTIONS} OVERRIDE_FIND_PACKAGE
-                         PATCH_COMMAND ${${BASE_VARIABLE_NAME}_PATCH_COMMAND}
                          URL ${${BASE_VARIABLE_NAME}_SOURCE_URL}
                          URL_HASH "SHA256=${ARROW_${BASE_VARIABLE_NAME}_BUILD_SHA256_CHECKSUM}"
     )

cpp/cmake_modules/aws-c-common-1208.patch

@@ -29,8 +29,8 @@ ARROW_AWS_C_AUTH_BUILD_VERSION=v0.9.0
 ARROW_AWS_C_AUTH_BUILD_SHA256_CHECKSUM=aa6e98864fefb95c249c100da4ae7aed36ba13a8a91415791ec6fad20bec0427
 ARROW_AWS_C_CAL_BUILD_VERSION=v0.9.2
 ARROW_AWS_C_CAL_BUILD_SHA256_CHECKSUM=f9f3bc6a069e2efe25fcdf73e4d2b16b5608c327d2eb57c8f7a8524e9e1fcad0
-ARROW_AWS_C_COMMON_BUILD_VERSION=v0.12.3
-ARROW_AWS_C_COMMON_BUILD_SHA256_CHECKSUM=a4e7ac6c6f840cb6ab56b8ee0bcd94a61c59d68ca42570bca518432da4c94273
+ARROW_AWS_C_COMMON_BUILD_VERSION=v0.12.4
+ARROW_AWS_C_COMMON_BUILD_SHA256_CHECKSUM=0b7705a4d115663c3f485d353a75ed86e37583157585e5825d851af634b57fe3
 ARROW_AWS_C_COMPRESSION_BUILD_VERSION=v0.3.1
 ARROW_AWS_C_COMPRESSION_BUILD_SHA256_CHECKSUM=d89fca17a37de762dc34f332d2da402343078da8dbd2224c46a11a88adddf754
 ARROW_AWS_C_EVENT_STREAM_BUILD_VERSION=v0.5.4