[Python] pyarrow.fs.HadoopFileSystem.from_uri - retrieve options from core-site.xml or hdfs-site.xml if available (variation of #25324)

[dsevilla]

Describe the bug, including details regarding any error messages, version, and platform.

In #25324, the options from core-site or hdfs-site.xml are retreived only if used from HadoopFileSystem explicitly, but it fails both with:

FileSystem.form_uri('hdfs://default:0/xxx')

and even with

HadoopFileSystem.from_uri('hdfs://default:0/xxx')

I offered a pull request that initially I stated it fixed #25324, but I will add that it fixes this issue also.

Component(s)

Python

[pitrou]

Issue resolved by pull request 47458
#47458