Implement physical and logical codecs in FFI (#19079)

## Which issue does this PR close?

Addresses part of #18671 but
does not close it.

## Rationale for this change

We have a major restriction in our current FFI crates. They use protobuf
encoding and decoding to pass around logical expressions. This encoding
and decoding will fail when we encounter a user defined function because
we only currently use the default extension codecs. This PR introduces
the FFI variants for both logical and physical extension codecs. A
follow on PR will enable these in our code base, on order to keep these
PRs to a reasonable length for review.

In addition to the benefit to the FFI crate for passing expressions,
this will also enable sending plans across FFI boundaries, which may be
useful for `datafusion-distributed`.

## What changes are included in this PR?

- Implement `FFI_LogicalExtensionCodec`
- Implement `FFI_PhysicalExtensionCodec`

This PR does _not_ use these structures in the current code. That is
coming as part of a later PR in an effort to keep the size of the PRs
small for effective code review.

## Are these changes tested?

Unit tests are added. Coverage report:

<img width="523" height="222" alt="Screenshot 2025-12-03 at 4 37 23 PM"
src="https://github.com/user-attachments/assets/4e139052-c74c-4e32-a057-66bd4bd68e21"
/>


## Are there any user-facing changes?

No.

Author: timsaucer

Cargo.lock

@@ -47,12 +47,15 @@ arrow-schema = { workspace = true }
 async-ffi = { version = "0.5.0", features = ["abi_stable"] }
 async-trait = { workspace = true }
 datafusion = { workspace = true, default-features = false }
+datafusion-catalog = { workspace = true }
 datafusion-common = { workspace = true }
+datafusion-datasource = { workspace = true }
 datafusion-execution = { workspace = true }
 datafusion-expr = { workspace = true }
 datafusion-functions-aggregate-common = { workspace = true }
 datafusion-physical-expr = { workspace = true }
 datafusion-physical-expr-common = { workspace = true }
+datafusion-physical-plan = { workspace = true }
 datafusion-proto = { workspace = true }
 datafusion-proto-common = { workspace = true }
 futures = { workspace = true }
@@ -63,6 +66,10 @@ tokio = { workspace = true }
 
 [dev-dependencies]
 datafusion = { workspace = true, default-features = false, features = ["sql"] }
+datafusion-functions = { workspace = true }
+datafusion-functions-aggregate = { workspace = true }
+datafusion-functions-aggregate-common = { workspace = true }
+datafusion-functions-window = { workspace = true }
 doc-comment = { workspace = true }
 
 [features]

datafusion/ffi/Cargo.toml

@@ -301,7 +301,7 @@ impl ExecutionPlan for ForeignExecutionPlan {
 }
 
 #[cfg(test)]
-mod tests {
+pub(crate) mod tests {
     use super::*;
     use arrow::datatypes::{DataType, Field, Schema};
     use datafusion::{

datafusion/ffi/src/execution_plan.rs

@@ -34,6 +34,7 @@ pub mod expr;
 pub mod insert_op;
 pub mod physical_expr;
 pub mod plan_properties;
+pub mod proto;
 pub mod record_batch_stream;
 pub mod schema_provider;
 pub mod session_config;