[Feature](function) Support function TIME_FORMAT (#58592)

doc: apache/doris-website#3135

The TIME_FORMAT function is used to convert a time value into a string
according to the specified format string. It supports formatting for
TIME and DATETIME types, and the output is a string that conforms to the
format requirements.

```sql
SELECT TIME_FORMAT('2025-11-25 15:30:45', '%Y-%m-%d %H:%i:%s') AS date_with_time;
```
```text
+---------------------+
| date_with_time      |
+---------------------+
| 0000-00-00 15:30:45 |
+---------------------+
```

Author: linrrzqqq

be/src/vec/functions/date_time_transforms.h

@@ -39,6 +39,7 @@
 #include "vec/data_types/data_type_decimal.h"
 #include "vec/data_types/data_type_string.h"
 #include "vec/functions/date_format_type.h"
+#include "vec/runtime/time_value.h"
 #include "vec/runtime/vdatetime_value.h"
 #include "vec/utils/util.hpp"
 
@@ -427,6 +428,76 @@ struct FromUnixTimeDecimalImpl {
     }
 };
 
+template <PrimitiveType ArgPType>
+class FunctionTimeFormat : public IFunction {
+public:
+    using ArgColType = typename PrimitiveTypeTraits<ArgPType>::ColumnType;
+    using ArgCppType = typename PrimitiveTypeTraits<ArgPType>::CppType;
+
+    static constexpr auto name = "time_format";
+    String get_name() const override { return name; }
+    static FunctionPtr create() { return std::make_shared<FunctionTimeFormat>(); }
+    DataTypes get_variadic_argument_types_impl() const override {
+        return {std::make_shared<typename PrimitiveTypeTraits<ArgPType>::DataType>(),
+                std::make_shared<vectorized::DataTypeString>()};
+    }
+    DataTypePtr get_return_type_impl(const ColumnsWithTypeAndName& arguments) const override {
+        return make_nullable(std::make_shared<DataTypeString>());
+    }
+    size_t get_number_of_arguments() const override { return 2; }
+
+    Status execute_impl(FunctionContext* context, Block& block, const ColumnNumbers& arguments,
+                        uint32_t result, size_t input_rows_count) const override {
+        auto res_col = ColumnString::create();
+        ColumnString::Chars& res_chars = res_col->get_chars();
+        ColumnString::Offsets& res_offsets = res_col->get_offsets();
+
+        auto null_map = ColumnUInt8::create();
+        auto& null_map_data = null_map->get_data();
+        null_map_data.resize_fill(input_rows_count, 0);
+
+        res_offsets.reserve(input_rows_count);
+
+        ColumnPtr arg_col[2];
+        bool is_const[2];
+        for (size_t i = 0; i < 2; ++i) {
+            const ColumnPtr& col = block.get_by_position(arguments[i]).column;
+            std::tie(arg_col[i], is_const[i]) = unpack_if_const(col);
+        }
+
+        const auto* datetime_col = assert_cast<const ArgColType*>(arg_col[0].get());
+        const auto* format_col = assert_cast<const ColumnString*>(arg_col[1].get());
+        for (size_t i = 0; i < input_rows_count; ++i) {
+            const auto& datetime_val = datetime_col->get_element(index_check_const(i, is_const[0]));
+            StringRef format = format_col->get_data_at(index_check_const(i, is_const[1]));
+            TimeValue::TimeType time = get_time_value(datetime_val);
+
+            char buf[100 + SAFE_FORMAT_STRING_MARGIN];
+            if (!TimeValue::to_format_string_conservative(format.data, format.size, buf,
+                                                          100 + SAFE_FORMAT_STRING_MARGIN, time)) {
+                null_map_data[i] = 1;
+                res_offsets.push_back(res_chars.size());
+                continue;
+            }
+            res_chars.insert(buf, buf + strlen(buf));
+            res_offsets.push_back(res_chars.size());
+        }
+        block.replace_by_position(result,
+                                  ColumnNullable::create(std::move(res_col), std::move(null_map)));
+        return Status::OK();
+    }
+
+private:
+    TimeValue::TimeType get_time_value(const ArgCppType& datetime_val) const {
+        if constexpr (ArgPType == PrimitiveType::TYPE_TIMEV2) {
+            return static_cast<TimeValue::TimeType>(datetime_val);
+        } else {
+            return TimeValue::make_time(datetime_val.hour(), datetime_val.minute(),
+                                        datetime_val.second(), datetime_val.microsecond());
+        }
+    }
+};
+
 #include "common/compile_check_end.h"
 } // namespace doris::vectorized
 

be/src/vec/functions/function_datetime_string_to_string.cpp

@@ -37,6 +37,9 @@ using FunctionFromUnixTimeNewDecimalOneArg =
         FunctionDateTimeStringToString<FromUnixTimeDecimalImpl<false>>;
 using FunctionFromUnixTimeNewDecimalTwoArg =
         FunctionDateTimeStringToString<FromUnixTimeDecimalImpl<true>>;
+using FunctionTimeFormatDate = FunctionTimeFormat<TYPE_DATEV2>;
+using FunctionTimeFormatDateTime = FunctionTimeFormat<TYPE_DATETIMEV2>;
+using FunctionTimeFormatTime = FunctionTimeFormat<TYPE_TIMEV2>;
 
 void register_function_date_time_string_to_string(SimpleFunctionFactory& factory) {
     factory.register_function<FunctionDateFormatV2>();
@@ -47,6 +50,9 @@ void register_function_date_time_string_to_string(SimpleFunctionFactory& factory
     factory.register_function<FunctionFromUnixTimeNewDecimalOneArg>();
     factory.register_function<FunctionFromUnixTimeNewDecimalTwoArg>();
     factory.register_function<FunctionDateTimeV2DateFormat>();
+    factory.register_function<FunctionTimeFormatDate>();
+    factory.register_function<FunctionTimeFormatDateTime>();
+    factory.register_function<FunctionTimeFormatTime>();
 }
 
 } // namespace doris::vectorized

be/src/vec/runtime/time_value.h

@@ -28,6 +28,7 @@
 #include "runtime/define_primitive_type.h"
 #include "runtime/primitive_type.h"
 #include "util/date_func.h"
+#include "vec/runtime/vdatetime_value.h"
 
 namespace doris {
 #include "common/compile_check_begin.h"
@@ -150,6 +151,21 @@ class TimeValue {
     }
 
     static bool valid(double time) { return time <= MAX_TIME && time >= -MAX_TIME; }
+
+    static bool to_format_string_conservative(const char* format, size_t len, char* to,
+                                              size_t max_valid_length, TimeType time) {
+        // If time is negative, we here only add a '-' to the begining of res
+        // This behavior is consistent with MySQL
+        if (time < 0) {
+            memcpy(to, "-", 1);
+            ++to;
+            time = -time;
+        }
+
+        return DatetimeValueUtil::to_format_string_without_check<true>(
+                format, len, to, max_valid_length, 0, 0, 0, TimeValue::hour(time),
+                TimeValue::minute(time), TimeValue::second(time), TimeValue::microsecond(time));
+    }
 };
 } // namespace doris
 #include "common/compile_check_end.h"