[FLINK-38750][table] Validation of queries with functions erroneously invoked under SELECT fails with StackOverflow

Co-authored-by: Sergey Nuyanzin <snuyanzin@gmail.com>

Author: gkomlossi

flink-table/flink-table-planner/src/main/java/org/apache/flink/table/planner/functions/inference/TypeInferenceOperandInference.java

@@ -74,8 +74,10 @@ public void inferOperandTypes(
                     false)) {
                 inferOperandTypesOrError(unwrapTypeFactory(callBinding), callContext, operandTypes);
             }
-        } catch (ValidationException | CalciteContextException e) {
+        } catch (ValidationException e) {
             // let operand checker fail
+        } catch (CalciteContextException e) {
+            throw e;
         } catch (Throwable t) {
             throw createUnexpectedException(callContext, t);
         }

flink-table/flink-table-planner/src/test/scala/org/apache/flink/table/planner/plan/stream/sql/CalcTest.scala

@@ -110,6 +110,21 @@ class CalcTest extends TableTestBase {
       .isThrownBy(() => util.tableEnv.sqlQuery("SELECT a, foo FROM MyTable"))
   }
 
+  @Test
+  def testCoalesceOnInvalidField(): Unit = {
+    assertThatExceptionOfType(classOf[ValidationException])
+      .isThrownBy(() => util.verifyExecPlan("SELECT coalesce(SELECT invalid)"))
+      .withMessageContaining("Column 'invalid' not found in any table")
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  def testNestedCoalesceOnInvalidField(): Unit = {
+    assertThatExceptionOfType(classOf[ValidationException])
+      .isThrownBy(
+        () => util.verifyExecPlan("SELECT coalesce(SELECT coalesce(SELECT coalesce(invalid)))"))
+      .withMessageContaining("Column 'invalid' not found in any table")
+  }
+
   @Test
   def testPrimitiveMapType(): Unit = {
     util.verifyExecPlan("SELECT MAP[b, 30, 10, a] FROM MyTable")