[python] introduce update_columns in python api. (#6861)

Author: zhoulii

docs/content/program-api/python-api.md

@@ -213,6 +213,158 @@ write_builder = table.new_batch_write_builder().overwrite()
 write_builder = table.new_batch_write_builder().overwrite({'dt': '2024-01-01'})
 ```
 
+### Write partial columns
+
+when enable data-evolution, you can write partial columns to table:
+
+```python
+simple_pa_schema = pa.schema([
+  ('f0', pa.int8()),
+  ('f1', pa.int16()),
+])
+schema = Schema.from_pyarrow_schema(simple_pa_schema,
+                                    options={'row-tracking.enabled': 'true', 'data-evolution.enabled': 'true'})
+catalog.create_table('default.test_row_tracking', schema, False)
+table = catalog.get_table('default.test_row_tracking')
+
+# write all columns
+write_builder = table.new_batch_write_builder()
+table_write = write_builder.new_write()
+table_commit = write_builder.new_commit()
+expect_data = pa.Table.from_pydict({
+  'f0': [-1, 2],
+  'f1': [-1001, 1002]
+}, schema=simple_pa_schema)
+table_write.write_arrow(expect_data)
+table_commit.commit(table_write.prepare_commit())
+table_write.close()
+table_commit.close()
+
+# write partial columns
+table_write = write_builder.new_write().with_write_type(['f0'])
+table_commit = write_builder.new_commit()
+data2 = pa.Table.from_pydict({
+  'f0': [3, 4],
+}, schema=pa.schema([
+  ('f0', pa.int8()),
+]))
+table_write.write_arrow(data2)
+cmts = table_write.prepare_commit()
+
+# assign first row id
+cmts[0].new_files[0].first_row_id = 0
+table_commit.commit(cmts)
+table_write.close()
+table_commit.close()
+```
+
+Paimon data-evolution table use `first_row_id` to split files, when write partial columns, 
+you should split data into multiple parts by rows, and assign `first_row_id` for each file before commit 
+, or it may cause some fatal error during table reads.
+
+For example, in the following code, `write-1` will generate a file with `first_row_id=0` which contains 2 rows, 
+and `write-2` will generate a file with `first_row_id=2` which also contains 2 rows. Then, if we update column `f0` and 
+do not split data into multiple parts by rows, the generated file would have `first_row_id=0` and contains 4 rows, when reading 
+this table, it will cause a fatal error. 
+
+```python
+table = catalog.get_table('default.test_row_tracking')
+
+# write-1
+write_builder = table.new_batch_write_builder()
+table_write = write_builder.new_write()
+table_commit = write_builder.new_commit()
+expect_data = pa.Table.from_pydict({
+  'f0': [-1, 2],
+  'f1': [-1001, 1002]
+}, schema=simple_pa_schema)
+table_write.write_arrow(expect_data)
+table_commit.commit(table_write.prepare_commit())
+table_write.close()
+table_commit.close()
+
+# write-2
+table_write = write_builder.new_write()
+table_commit = write_builder.new_commit()
+expect_data = pa.Table.from_pydict({
+  'f0': [3, 4],
+  'f1': [1003, 1004]
+}, schema=simple_pa_schema)
+table_write.write_arrow(expect_data)
+table_commit.commit(table_write.prepare_commit())
+table_write.close()
+table_commit.close()
+
+# write partial columns
+table_write = write_builder.new_write().with_write_type(['f0'])
+table_commit = write_builder.new_commit()
+data2 = pa.Table.from_pydict({
+  'f0': [5, 6, 7, 8],
+}, schema=pa.schema([
+  ('f0', pa.int8()),
+]))
+table_write.write_arrow(data2)
+cmts = table_write.prepare_commit()
+cmts[0].new_files[0].first_row_id = 0
+table_commit.commit(cmts)
+table_write.close()
+table_commit.close()
+
+read_builder = table.new_read_builder()
+table_scan = read_builder.new_scan()
+table_read = read_builder.new_read()
+
+# a fatal error will be thrown
+actual_data = table_read.to_arrow(table_scan.plan().splits())
+```
+
+### Update columns
+
+Handle file `first_row_id` manually is inconvenient and error-prone. If you don't want to do this, you can enable `update_columns_by_row_id` 
+when create `WriteBuilder` and set write type for `TableWrite`, then you can write partial columns without handling file `first_row_id`.
+The input data should include the `_ROW_ID` column, writing operation will automatically sort and match each `_ROW_ID` to
+its corresponding `first_row_id`, then groups rows with the same `first_row_id` and writes them to a separate file.
+
+```python
+table = catalog.get_table('default.test_row_tracking')
+
+# write-1
+# same as above
+
+# write-2
+# same as above
+
+# update partial columns
+write_builder = table.new_batch_write_builder().update_columns_by_row_id()
+table_write = write_builder.new_write().with_write_type(['f0'])
+table_commit = write_builder.new_commit()
+data2 = pa.Table.from_pydict({
+  '_ROW_ID': [0, 1, 2, 3],
+  'f0': [5, 6, 7, 8],
+}, schema=pa.schema([
+  ('_ROW_ID', pa.int64()),
+  ('f0', pa.int8()),
+]))
+table_write.write_arrow(data2)
+cmts = table_write.prepare_commit()
+table_commit.commit(cmts)
+table_write.close()
+table_commit.close()
+
+read_builder = table.new_read_builder()
+table_scan = read_builder.new_scan()
+table_read = read_builder.new_read()
+actual_data = table_read.to_arrow(table_scan.plan().splits())
+expect_data = pa.Table.from_pydict({
+  'f0': [5, 6, 7, 8],
+  'f1': [-1001, 1002, 1003, 1004]
+}, schema=pa.schema([
+  ('f0', pa.int8()),
+  ('f1', pa.int16()),
+]))
+self.assertEqual(actual_data, expect_data)
+```
+
 ## Batch Read
 
 ### Predicate pushdown