[SPARK-46070][SQL] Compile regex pattern in SparkDateTimeUtils.getZoneId outside the hot loop

### What changes were proposed in this pull request?

Compile the regex patterns used in `SparkDateTimeUtils.getZoneId` outside of the method, that can be called for each dataset row..

### Why are the changes needed?

`String.replaceFirst` internally does `Pattern.compile(regex).matcher(this).replaceFirst(replacement)`. `Pattern.compile` is very expensive method, that should not be called in a loop.

When using method like `from_utc_timestamp` with non-literal timezone, the `SparkDateTimeUtils.getZoneId` is called for each loop. In one of my usecases adding `from_utc_timestamp` increased the runtime from 15min to 6h.

### Does this PR introduce _any_ user-facing change?

Performance improvement.

### How was this patch tested?

Existing UTs

### Was this patch authored or co-authored using generative AI tooling?

No

Closes #43976 from tanelk/SPARK-46070_precompile_regex.

Authored-by: Tanel Kiis <[email protected]>
Signed-off-by: Max Gekk <[email protected]>

Author: tanelk

sql/api/src/main/scala/org/apache/spark/sql/catalyst/util/SparkDateTimeUtils.scala

@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@ import java.sql.{Date, Timestamp}
 import java.time.{Instant, LocalDate, LocalDateTime, LocalTime, ZonedDateTime, ZoneId, ZoneOffset}
 import java.util.TimeZone
 import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit.{MICROSECONDS, NANOSECONDS}
+import java.util.regex.Pattern
 
 import scala.util.control.NonFatal
 
@@ -36,12 +37,14 @@ trait SparkDateTimeUtils {
 
   final val TimeZoneUTC = TimeZone.getTimeZone("UTC")
 
+  final val singleHourTz = Pattern.compile("(\\+|\\-)(\\d):")
+  final val singleMinuteTz = Pattern.compile("(\\+|\\-)(\\d\\d):(\\d)$")
+
   def getZoneId(timeZoneId: String): ZoneId = {
-    val formattedZoneId = timeZoneId
-      // To support the (+|-)h:mm format because it was supported before Spark 3.0.
-      .replaceFirst("(\\+|\\-)(\\d):", "$10$2:")
-      // To support the (+|-)hh:m format because it was supported before Spark 3.0.
-      .replaceFirst("(\\+|\\-)(\\d\\d):(\\d)$", "$1$2:0$3")
+    // To support the (+|-)h:mm format because it was supported before Spark 3.0.
+    var formattedZoneId = singleHourTz.matcher(timeZoneId).replaceFirst("$10$2:")
+    // To support the (+|-)hh:m format because it was supported before Spark 3.0.
+    formattedZoneId = singleMinuteTz.matcher(formattedZoneId).replaceFirst("$1$2:0$3")
 
     ZoneId.of(formattedZoneId, ZoneId.SHORT_IDS)
   }