[SPARK-51462][SQL] Support typed literals of the TIME data type

### What changes were proposed in this pull request?
In the PR, I propose to support typed literals of the TIME data type, for example: `time'7:36'`. The format of time string value should match to:
```
[h]h:[m]m:[s]s.[ms][ms][ms][us][us][us]
```

### Why are the changes needed?
To improve user experience with Spark SQL, and simplify migrations from other systems where such typed literals are supported.

### Does this PR introduce _any_ user-facing change?
Yes, after the changes users can construct new typed literals.

### How was this patch tested?
By running the new test:
```
$ build/sbt "test:testOnly *ExpressionParserSuite"
```

### Was this patch authored or co-authored using generative AI tooling?
No.

Closes #50228 from MaxGekk/time-literal-constructor.

Authored-by: Max Gekk <max.gekk@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Dongjoon Hyun <dongjoon@apache.org>

Author: MaxGekk

sql/api/src/main/antlr4/org/apache/spark/sql/catalyst/parser/SqlBaseParser.g4

@@ -1190,6 +1190,7 @@ primaryExpression
 
 literalType
     : DATE
+    | TIME
     | TIMESTAMP | TIMESTAMP_LTZ | TIMESTAMP_NTZ
     | INTERVAL
     | BINARY_HEX

sql/catalyst/src/main/scala/org/apache/spark/sql/catalyst/parser/AstBuilder.scala

@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ import org.apache.spark.sql.catalyst.trees.{CurrentOrigin, Origin}
 import org.apache.spark.sql.catalyst.trees.TreePattern.PARAMETER
 import org.apache.spark.sql.catalyst.types.DataTypeUtils
 import org.apache.spark.sql.catalyst.util.{CharVarcharUtils, CollationFactory, DateTimeUtils, IntervalUtils, SparkParserUtils}
-import org.apache.spark.sql.catalyst.util.DateTimeUtils.{convertSpecialDate, convertSpecialTimestamp, convertSpecialTimestampNTZ, getZoneId, stringToDate, stringToTimestamp, stringToTimestampWithoutTimeZone}
+import org.apache.spark.sql.catalyst.util.DateTimeUtils.{convertSpecialDate, convertSpecialTimestamp, convertSpecialTimestampNTZ, getZoneId, stringToDate, stringToTime, stringToTimestamp, stringToTimestampWithoutTimeZone}
 import org.apache.spark.sql.connector.catalog.{CatalogV2Util, SupportsNamespaces, TableCatalog, TableWritePrivilege}
 import org.apache.spark.sql.connector.catalog.TableChange.ColumnPosition
 import org.apache.spark.sql.connector.expressions.{ApplyTransform, BucketTransform, DaysTransform, Expression => V2Expression, FieldReference, HoursTransform, IdentityTransform, LiteralValue, MonthsTransform, Transform, YearsTransform}
@@ -3347,6 +3347,7 @@ class AstBuilder extends DataTypeAstBuilder
         val zoneId = getZoneId(conf.sessionLocalTimeZone)
         val specialDate = convertSpecialDate(value, zoneId).map(Literal(_, DateType))
         specialDate.getOrElse(toLiteral(stringToDate, DateType))
+      case TIME => toLiteral(stringToTime, TimeType())
       case TIMESTAMP_NTZ =>
         convertSpecialTimestampNTZ(value, getZoneId(conf.sessionLocalTimeZone))
           .map(Literal(_, TimestampNTZType))

sql/catalyst/src/test/scala/org/apache/spark/sql/catalyst/parser/ExpressionParserSuite.scala

@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 package org.apache.spark.sql.catalyst.parser
 
 import java.sql.{Date, Timestamp}
-import java.time.{Duration, LocalDateTime, Period}
+import java.time.{Duration, LocalDateTime, LocalTime, Period}
 import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit
 
 import scala.language.implicitConversions
@@ -1238,4 +1238,19 @@ class ExpressionParserSuite extends AnalysisTest {
           stop = 9 + quantifier.length))
     }
   }
+
+  test("time literals") {
+    assertEqual("tIme '12:13:14'", Literal(LocalTime.parse("12:13:14")))
+    assertEqual("TIME'23:59:59.999999'", Literal(LocalTime.parse("23:59:59.999999")))
+
+    checkError(
+      exception = parseException("time '12-13.14'"),
+      condition = "INVALID_TYPED_LITERAL",
+      sqlState = "42604",
+      parameters = Map("valueType" -> "\"TIME\"", "value" -> "'12-13.14'"),
+      context = ExpectedContext(
+        fragment = "time '12-13.14'",
+        start = 0,
+        stop = 14))
+  }
 }