LPWAN (Low-Power Wide-Area Networks) 101 content update (1 image update)

Author: TaddyHC

content/learn/05.communication/03.low-power-wide-area-networks-101/assets/hero.png

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ description: 'Learn the fundamentals of low-power wide-area networks, and what A
 tags:
   - LPWAN
   - Sigfox
-  - LoRaWAN®
+  - LoRa® Technology
   - LTE-M
   - NB-IoT
 author: 'José Bagur'
@@ -22,17 +22,19 @@ The term **LPWAN**, which emerged in 2013, stands for low-power wide-area networ
 
 ## Types of LPWAN technologies
 
-In recent years, **two main categories of LPWAN technologies** have emerged: **networks based on non-cellular based technologies and cellular-based networks**. These types of technologies can use **licensed** or **unlicensed** frequencies and use **proprietary** or **open standards**. Let’s talk about the major and most widely deployed LPWANs today: **Sigfox**, **LoRaWAN®**, **NB-IoT** and **LTE-M**.
+In recent years, **two main categories of LPWAN technologies** have emerged: **networks based on non-cellular based technologies and cellular-based networks**. These types of technologies can use **licensed** or **unlicensed** frequencies and use **proprietary** or **open standards**. Let’s talk about the major and most widely deployed LPWANs today: **Sigfox**, **networks based on LoRa® Technology**, **NB-IoT** and **LTE-M**.
 
-### Non-cellular-based technologies: Sigfox and LoRaWAN®.
+### Non-cellular-based technologies: Sigfox and LoRa® Technology
 
 One of the most widely utilized LPWANs today is **Sigfox**. This proprietary ultra-narrowband LPWAN technology runs over a network in the 868MHz or 902MHz frequency bands, these frequency bands are unlicensed Industrial, Scientific, and Medical (ISM) frequency bands. This network can deliver messages over distances of 30 to 50 km in rural areas, 3 to 10 km in urban settings and up to 1,000 km in line-of-site applications. Its packet size is limited to 150 messages of 12 bytes per day, with downlink packets limited to four messages of 8 bytes per day.
 
-**LoRa** is a physical layer technology that works in unlicensed ISM frequency bands. It´s based on the chirped spread spectrum (CSS) technique. LoRa is basically a single-hop technology, which relays the messages received from LoRa sensor nodes to a central server via gateways. The data transmission rate supported by Lo Ra varies from 300 bps to 50 kbps. To support LoRa on the Internet, The LoRa Alliance has developed **LoRaWAN®**, which includes network and upper layer functionalities. LoRaWAN® provides three classes of end devices to address the different requirements of a wide range of IoT applications.
+**LoRa® Technology** is a physical layer protocol that operates in unlicensed ISM frequency bands. It is based on the chirped spread spectrum (CSS) technique. LoRa-enabled devices typically use single-hop communication to transmit data to gateways, which forward the messages to network infrastructure. The data transmission rate supported by LoRa Technology varies from 300 bps to 50 kbps.
+
+To enable networking capabilities for LoRa® Technology, various protocols have been developed to manage communication between devices and network infrastructure. These protocols define secure, long-range communication methods for different IoT applications, supporting multiple device classes to accommodate various operational requirements.
 
 ### Cellular-based technologies: LTE-M and NB-IoT
 
-**LTE-M**, which stands for _Long Term Evolution for Machines_, and **NB-IoT**, which stands for _Narrowband Internet of Things_, are wireless telecommunications technologies standards developed by the _3rd Generation Partnership Project_ (3GPP), the international standards group responsible for all major mobile telecommunications standards, including the _Global System for Mobile Communications_ (GSM) standards and _Long Term Evolution_ (LTE) standards. Unlike Sigfox and LoRaWAN®, **LTE-M and NB-IoT are operated by wireless network providers**.
+**LTE-M**, which stands for _Long Term Evolution for Machines_, and **NB-IoT**, which stands for _Narrowband Internet of Things_, are wireless telecommunications technologies standards developed by the _3rd Generation Partnership Project_ (3GPP), the international standards group responsible for all major mobile telecommunications standards, including the _Global System for Mobile Communications_ (GSM) standards and _Long Term Evolution_ (LTE) standards. Unlike Sigfox and networks based on LoRa® Technology, **LTE-M and NB-IoT are operated by wireless network providers**.
 
 **LTE-M** is compatible with existing LTE networks, it provides extended coverage comparable to LTE networks, coverage for M2M applications similar to 5G networks, and offers a seamless path towards 5G M2M solution. **LTE-M is focused on providing variable data rates and support for both real-time and non-real time applications**. It supports low latency applications, as well as deferred traffic applications that can operate with latencies in the range of a few seconds. It has low power requirements and supports operations ranging from low bandwidth to bandwidth as high as 1Mbps. LTE-M also supports devices with a very wide range of message sizes.
 
@@ -57,11 +59,11 @@ Some examples of current LPWAN applications are the following:
 
 The Arduino's MKR family has some alternatives to offer in terms of connectivity to LPWANs:
 
-### LoRaWAN® (MKR WAN 1300/1310)
+### Networks using LoRa® Technology (MKR WAN 1300/1310)
 
 ![The MKR WAN 1310](assets/MKRWAN1310.png)
 
-The [MKR WAN 1310](https://store.arduino.cc/mkr-wan-1310) is a development board for experimenting with either LoRa® or LoRaWAN®.
+The [MKR WAN 1310](https://store.arduino.cc/mkr-wan-1310) is a development board for experimenting with LoRa® technology.
 
 It can easily connect to [The Things Network](https://www.thethingsnetwork.org/), a platform with LoRa® coverage all over the world. It can also be used for point-to-point connection, where you can easily set up communication between two MKR WAN boards.
 
@@ -77,7 +79,7 @@ To access the [Murata CMWX1ZZABZ](https://content.arduino.cc/assets/mkrwan1310-m
 
 #### LoRa library
 
-To easily set up communication between two MKR WAN 1310 boards, you can refer to the examples in the [LoRa](https://github.com/sandeepmistry/arduino-LoRa) library, credit to Sandeep Mistry.
+To easily set up communication between two MKR WAN 1310 boards, you can refer to the examples in the [`LoRa`](https://github.com/sandeepmistry/arduino-LoRa) library, credit to Sandeep Mistry.
 
 #### Documentation
 
@@ -139,3 +141,6 @@ To access the Sigfox transceiver [ATA8520](https://content.arduino.cc/assets/Ard
 
 You can visit the official documentation for this board at the [MKR FOX 1200 documentation page](/hardware/mkr-fox-1200).
 
+## Trademark Acknowledgments
+
+- **LoRa®** is a registered trademark of Semtech Corporation.