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Co-authored-by: Seth Axen <seth@sethaxen.com>
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paper/paper.md

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@@ -50,15 +50,15 @@ In this work, we present a redesigned version of `ArviZ`, a Python package for e
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# Statement of need
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Probabilistic programming has emerged as a powerful paradigm for statistical modeling, accompanied by a growing ecosystem of tools for model specification and inference. Effective modeling requires robust support for sampling diagnostics, model comparison, and model checking [@Gelman_2020; @Martin_2024; @Guo_2024]. `ArviZ` addresses this gap by providing a unified, backend-agnostic library to perform these tasks. The original `ArviZ` paper [@Kumar_2019] describes the landscape of probabilistic programming tools at the time and the need for a unified, backend-agnostic library for exploratory analysis - a need that has only grown as the ecosystem has expanded.
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Probabilistic programming has emerged as a powerful paradigm for statistical modeling, accompanied by a growing ecosystem of tools for model specification and inference. Effective modeling requires robust support for sampling diagnostics, model comparison, and model checking [@Gelman_2020; @Martin_2024; @Guo_2024]. `ArviZ` addresses this gap by providing a unified, backend-agnostic library to perform these tasks. The original `ArviZ` paper [@Kumar_2019] described the landscape of probabilistic programming tools at the time and the need for a unified, backend-agnostic library for exploratory analysis - a need that has only grown as the ecosystem has expanded.
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The methods implemented in `ArviZ` are grounded in well-established statistical principles and provide robust, interpretable diagnostics and visualizations [@Vehtari_2017; @Gelman_2019; @Paananen_2021; @Vehtari_2021; @Dimitriadis_2021; @Sailynoja_2022; @Kallioinen_2023; @Sailynoja_2025]. The redesigned version furthers these goals by introducing an easier-to-use interface for regular users and more powerful tooling for power users and developers of Bayesian tools. These updates align with recent developments in the probabilistic programming field. Additionally, the new design facilitates the use of components as modular building blocks for custom analyses. This frequent user request was difficult to accommodate under the old framework.
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# Research Impact Statement
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`ArviZ` [@Kumar_2019] is a Python package for exploratory analysis of Bayesian models that has been widely used in academia and industry since its introduction in 2019, with over 700 citations and 75 million downloads. Its goal is to integrate seamlessly with established probabilistic programming languages and statistical interfaces, such as PyMC [@Abril-pla_2023], Stan (via the cmdstanpy interface) [@stan], Pyro, NumPyro [@Phan_2019; @Bingham_2019], emcee [@emcee], and Bambi [@Capretto_2022], among others.
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ArviZ` is part of the broader ArviZ project, which develops tools for exploratory analysis of Bayesian models. The organization also maintains other initiatives, including ArviZ.jl (for Julia), PreliZ [@icazatti_2023], educational resources [@eabm_2025], and additional packages that are still in an experimental phase.
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`ArviZ` is part of the broader ArviZ project, which develops tools for exploratory analysis of Bayesian models. The organization also maintains other initiatives, including ArviZ.jl [@arvizjl_2025] (for Julia), PreliZ [@icazatti_2023], educational resources [@eabm_2025], and additional packages that are still in an experimental phase.
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# Software design
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samples = rng.normal(size=(4, 1000, 2)) # (chain, draw, variable)
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array_stats.ess(samples, chain_axis=0, draw_axis=1)
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We now contrast the array interface with the xarray interface. When converting the NumPy array to a DataTree, ArviZ assigns `chain` and `draw` as named dimensions based on the assumed dimension order, so this information is already encoded in the resulting object and does not need to be specified explicitly when calling other functions.
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We now contrast the array interface with the xarray interface. When converting the NumPy array to a `DataTree`, ArviZ assigns `chain` and `draw` as named dimensions based on the assumed dimension order, so this information is already encoded in the resulting object and does not need to be specified explicitly when calling other functions.
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import arviz as az
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dt_samples = az.convert_to_datatree(samples)

paper/references.bib

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number = {33},
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pages = {1143},
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author = {Ravin Kumar and Colin Carroll and Ari Hartikainen and Osvaldo Martin},
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title = {ArviZ a unified library for exploratory analysis of Bayesian models in Python},
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title = {{ArviZ} a unified library for exploratory analysis of {Bayesian} models in {Python}},
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journal = {Journal of Open Source Software}
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}
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}
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@article{Phan_2019,
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title={Composable Effects for Flexible and Accelerated Probabilistic Programming in NumPyro},
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title={Composable Effects for Flexible and Accelerated Probabilistic Programming in {NumPyro}},
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author={Phan, Du and Pradhan, Neeraj and Jankowiak, Martin},
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journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:1912.11554},
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year={2019}
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}
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@article{Sailynoja_2025,
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title={Recommendations for visual predictive checks in Bayesian workflow},
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title={Recommendations for visual predictive checks in {Bayesian} workflow},
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author={S{\"a}ilynoja, Teemu and Johnson, Andrew R and Martin, Osvaldo A and Vehtari, Aki},
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journal={arXiv:2503.01509},
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doi={10.48550/arXiv.2503.01509},
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}
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@article{Capretto_2022,
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title={Bambi: A Simple Interface for Fitting Bayesian Linear Models in Python},
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title={Bambi: A Simple Interface for Fitting {Bayesian} Linear Models in {Python}},
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volume={103},
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number={15},
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journal={Journal of Statistical Software},
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}
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@article{Hoyer_2017,
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title = {xarray: {N-D} labeled arrays and datasets in {Python}},
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title = {{xarray}: {N-D} labeled arrays and datasets in {Python}},
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author = {Hoyer, S. and J. Hamman},
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journal = {Journal of Open Research Software},
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volume = {5},
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@article{Hunter_2007,
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Author = {Hunter, J. D.},
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Title = {Matplotlib: A 2D graphics environment},
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Title = {Matplotlib: A {2D} graphics environment},
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Journal = {Computing in Science \& Engineering},
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Volume = {9},
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Number = {3},
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}
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@manual{Bokeh_2018,
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title = {Bokeh: Python library for interactive visualization},
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title = {Bokeh: {Python} library for interactive visualization},
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author = {{Bokeh Development Team}},
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year = {2018},
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url = {https://bokeh.pydata.org/en/latest/},
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}
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@online{plotly_2015,
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author = {Plotly Technologies Inc.},
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author = {{Plotly Technologies Inc.}},
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title = {Collaborative data science},
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publisher = {Plotly Technologies Inc.},
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address = {Montreal, QC},
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}
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@misc{Guo_2024,
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title={VMC: A Grammar for Visualizing Statistical Model Checks},
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title={{VMC}: A Grammar for Visualizing Statistical Model Checks},
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author={Ziyang Guo and Alex Kale and Matthew Kay and Jessica Hullman},
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year={2024},
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eprint={2408.16702},
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@book{eabm_2025,
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author = {Osvaldo A Martin and Oriol Abril-Pla and Jordan Deklerk},
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title = {Exploratory analysis of Bayesian models},
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title = {Exploratory analysis of {Bayesian} models},
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month = nov,
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year = 2025,
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publisher = {Zenodo},
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url = {10.5281/zenodo.15127548},
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},
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@software{arvizjl_2025,
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author = {Axen, Seth D and Widmann, David},
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title = {{arviz-devs/ArviZ.jl}: v0.14.0},
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month = sep,
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year = 2025,
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publisher = {Zenodo},
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version = {v0.14.0},
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doi = {10.5281/zenodo.17194186},
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url = {https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17194186},
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}
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@article{icazatti_2023,
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author = {Icazatti, Alejandro and Abril-Pla, Oriol and Klami, Arto and Martin, Osvaldo A},

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