ATB

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AMR (antimicrobial resistance)
│
├─ (A) Understand / measure / predict
│ ├─ Genomic surveillance (WGS), resistome, genotype↔phenotype
│ ├─ Hard states: biofilms, persisters, efflux, porins, enzymes
│ └─ Modeling: PK/PD, evolution models, AI for discovery
│
├─ (B) Diagnose faster → targeted therapy
│ ├─ Rapid diagnostics + rapid AST
│ └─ Diagnostic-guided treatment (less blind antibiotic use)
│
├─ (C) New anti-infective weapons
│ ├─ New antibiotics (new classes/targets)
│ └─ Non-traditional: phages, lysins, AMPs, anti-virulence, microbiome, CRISPR
│
├─ (D) Revive existing antibiotics (ADJUVANTS / POTENTIATORS)
│ ├─ Resistance-enzyme inhibitors (e.g., β-lactamase inhibitors)
│ ├─ Efflux inhibitors / membrane permeabilizers
│ ├─ Anti-biofilm / anti-persister strategies
│ ├─ Rational antibiotic combinations
│ └─ >>> ZOOM: Essential oils (EOs) + antibiotics <<<
│ ├─ EO as direct antimicrobial + as adjuvant/potentiator
│ ├─ Candidate mechanisms: permeability, efflux, antibiofilm, anti-QS
│ └─ Evidence path: FICI/time-kill → mechanism → safety/formulation → in vivo
│
└─ (E) Prevent infection → reduce antibiotic need
├─ Vaccines
└─ Anti-infection materials/devices (anti-adhesion/anti-biofilm coatings)