Merge bitcoin/bitcoin#30553: lint: Find function calls in default arguments

fac7b7f lint: Find function calls in default arguments (MarcoFalke)

Pull request description:

  This type of bug in the test code keeps biting back regularly, is hard to debug, and wastes review cycles: bitcoin/bitcoin#30543 (comment) .

  Fix all issues by catching it with a linter that checks for rule B008: https://docs.astral.sh/ruff/rules/function-call-in-default-argument/

  This also allows to drop the hand-written linter that checks for rule B006: https://docs.astral.sh/ruff/rules/mutable-argument-default/

ACKs for top commit:
  davidgumberg:
    reACK bitcoin/bitcoin@fac7b7f

Tree-SHA512: a47a28a35ec9c81947cb8c3e625f1eb8c0d7e780a4d768491ef94b2beed43b9710bf6c1044da18c7fd677ea5576fb9077c7f77b4465033fedfdca9920c185bf7

Author: fanquake

ci/lint/04_install.sh

@@ -53,6 +53,7 @@ ${CI_RETRY_EXE} pip3 install \
   lief==0.13.2 \
   mypy==1.4.1 \
   pyzmq==25.1.0 \
+  ruff==0.5.5 \
   vulture==2.6
 
 SHELLCHECK_VERSION=v0.8.0

test/lint/lint-python-mutable-default-parameters.py

@@ -35,6 +35,11 @@ fn get_linter_list() -> Vec<&'static Linter> {
             name: "markdown",
             lint_fn: lint_markdown
         },
+        &Linter {
+            description: "Check the default arguments in python",
+            name: "py_mut_arg_default",
+            lint_fn: lint_py_mut_arg_default,
+        },
         &Linter {
             description: "Check that std::filesystem is not used directly",
             name: "std_filesystem",
@@ -180,6 +185,35 @@ fn lint_subtree() -> LintResult {
     }
 }
 
+fn lint_py_mut_arg_default() -> LintResult {
+    let bin_name = "ruff";
+    let checks = ["B006", "B008"]
+        .iter()
+        .map(|c| format!("--select={}", c))
+        .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+    let files = check_output(
+        git()
+            .args(["ls-files", "--", "*.py"])
+            .args(get_pathspecs_exclude_subtrees()),
+    )?;
+
+    let mut cmd = Command::new(bin_name);
+    cmd.arg("check").args(checks).args(files.lines());
+
+    match cmd.status() {
+        Ok(status) if status.success() => Ok(()),
+        Ok(_) => Err(format!("`{}` found errors!", bin_name)),
+        Err(e) if e.kind() == ErrorKind::NotFound => {
+            println!(
+                "`{}` was not found in $PATH, skipping those checks.",
+                bin_name
+            );
+            Ok(())
+        }
+        Err(e) => Err(format!("Error running `{}`: {}", bin_name, e)),
+    }
+}
+
 fn lint_std_filesystem() -> LintResult {
     let found = git()
         .args([