Merge bitcoin/bitcoin#21793: build: use -isysroot over --sysroot on macOS

cf971c9 build: use -isysroot over --sysroot on macOS (fanquake)

Pull request description:

  Not only does this seem to be the more correct behaviour when targeting Darwin, but if you use `-isysroot`, Clangs Darwin driver will [infer the deployment target](https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/blob/3e037f8f0e26acab8cc784ea4c7d05da79f7c22e/clang/lib/Driver/ToolChains/Darwin.cpp#L1652) from the SDK and use other SDK info when parsing arguments to the linker. In the case of [`-platform_version`](https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/blob/3e037f8f0e26acab8cc784ea4c7d05da79f7c22e/clang/lib/Driver/ToolChains/Darwin.cpp#L2656), which is added if the linker is [new enough](https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/blob/3e037f8f0e26acab8cc784ea4c7d05da79f7c22e/clang/lib/Driver/ToolChains/Darwin.cpp#L342), the version tuple is constructed from the SDKInfo, and SDKInfo, as far as I can tell, only exists when `-isysroot` has been passed, see [parseSDKSettings](https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/blob/3e037f8f0e26acab8cc784ea4c7d05da79f7c22e/clang/lib/Driver/ToolChains/Darwin.cpp#L1785)

  As a result, the SDK version field in the `LC_BUILD_VERSION` command is filled out. i.e when building master:
  ```bash
        cmd LC_BUILD_VERSION
    cmdsize 32
   platform 1
      minos 10.14
        sdk n/a
     ntools 1
       tool 3
    version 650.9
  ```
  vs this PR:
  ```bash
        cmd LC_BUILD_VERSION
    cmdsize 32
   platform 1
      minos 10.14
        sdk 11.3
     ntools 1
       tool 3
    version 650.9
  ```

  This, from what I understand, will fix the issue we are having with Qt deciding wether or not to enable features like "Dark mode" on macOS, see #21771, however I have not tested that. Thus this is an alternative to #21782.

  Our usage of `--sysroot` was added in #17118.

  ```bash
  -isysroot <dir>         Set the system root directory (usually /)
  ```

ACKs for top commit:
  Sjors:
    tACK cf971c9
  hebasto:
    re-ACK cf971c9, only rebased and addressed comments since my [previous](bitcoin/bitcoin#21793 (review)) review.

Tree-SHA512: f01138179fb85083b5505bbaa48810451098ffa4da5d3c9b673785448790aa76f2e64b2aab6e698f6ee378a21f70626445a3fabee7c61dbfc44e96f3e3964656

Author: fanquake

contrib/macdeploy/README.md

@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ Working macOS DMGs are created in Linux by combining a recent `clang`, the Apple
 
 Apple uses `clang` extensively for development and has upstreamed the necessary
 functionality so that a vanilla clang can take advantage. It supports the use of `-F`,
-`-target`, `-mmacosx-version-min`, and `--sysroot`, which are all necessary when
+`-target`, `-mmacosx-version-min`, and `-isysroot`, which are all necessary when
 building for macOS.
 
 Apple's version of `binutils` (called `cctools`) contains lots of functionality missing in the

depends/builders/darwin.mk

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-build_darwin_CC:=$(shell xcrun -f clang) --sysroot $(shell xcrun --show-sdk-path)
-build_darwin_CXX:=$(shell xcrun -f clang++) --sysroot $(shell xcrun --show-sdk-path)
+build_darwin_CC:=$(shell xcrun -f clang) -isysroot$(shell xcrun --show-sdk-path)
+build_darwin_CXX:=$(shell xcrun -f clang++) -isysroot$(shell xcrun --show-sdk-path)
 build_darwin_AR:=$(shell xcrun -f ar)
 build_darwin_RANLIB:=$(shell xcrun -f ranlib)
 build_darwin_STRIP:=$(shell xcrun -f strip)
@@ -10,8 +10,8 @@ build_darwin_SHA256SUM=shasum -a 256
 build_darwin_DOWNLOAD=curl --location --fail --connect-timeout $(DOWNLOAD_CONNECT_TIMEOUT) --retry $(DOWNLOAD_RETRIES) -o
 
 #darwin host on darwin builder. overrides darwin host preferences.
-darwin_CC=$(shell xcrun -f clang) -mmacosx-version-min=$(OSX_MIN_VERSION) --sysroot $(shell xcrun --show-sdk-path)
-darwin_CXX:=$(shell xcrun -f clang++) -mmacosx-version-min=$(OSX_MIN_VERSION) -stdlib=libc++ --sysroot $(shell xcrun --show-sdk-path)
+darwin_CC=$(shell xcrun -f clang) -mmacosx-version-min=$(OSX_MIN_VERSION) -isysroot$(shell xcrun --show-sdk-path)
+darwin_CXX:=$(shell xcrun -f clang++) -mmacosx-version-min=$(OSX_MIN_VERSION) -stdlib=libc++ -isysroot$(shell xcrun --show-sdk-path)
 darwin_AR:=$(shell xcrun -f ar)
 darwin_RANLIB:=$(shell xcrun -f ranlib)
 darwin_STRIP:=$(shell xcrun -f strip)

depends/hosts/darwin.mk

@@ -100,15 +100,15 @@ darwin_CC=env -u C_INCLUDE_PATH -u CPLUS_INCLUDE_PATH \
               -u LIBRARY_PATH \
             $(clang_prog) --target=$(host) -mmacosx-version-min=$(OSX_MIN_VERSION) \
               -B$(build_prefix)/bin -mlinker-version=$(LD64_VERSION) \
-              --sysroot=$(OSX_SDK) \
+              -isysroot$(OSX_SDK) \
               -Xclang -internal-externc-isystem$(clang_resource_dir)/include \
               -Xclang -internal-externc-isystem$(OSX_SDK)/usr/include
 darwin_CXX=env -u C_INCLUDE_PATH -u CPLUS_INCLUDE_PATH \
                -u OBJC_INCLUDE_PATH -u OBJCPLUS_INCLUDE_PATH -u CPATH \
                -u LIBRARY_PATH \
              $(clangxx_prog) --target=$(host) -mmacosx-version-min=$(OSX_MIN_VERSION) \
                -B$(build_prefix)/bin -mlinker-version=$(LD64_VERSION) \
-               --sysroot=$(OSX_SDK) \
+               -isysroot$(OSX_SDK) \
                -stdlib=libc++ -nostdinc++ \
                -Xclang -cxx-isystem$(OSX_SDK)/usr/include/c++/v1 \
                -Xclang -internal-externc-isystem$(clang_resource_dir)/include \