Merge bitcoin/bitcoin#27448: ci: build libc++ in DEBUG mode in MSAN jobs

4de9c2a ci: build libc++ with assertions in MSAN jobs (fanquake)
23b8b20 ci: build libc++ in DEBUG mode in MSAN jobs (fanquake)

Pull request description:

  Followup to #27447.

  See https://releases.llvm.org/16.0.0/projects/libcxx/docs/DesignDocs/DebugMode.html:
  > Libc++ provides a debug mode that enables special debugging checks meant to detect incorrect usage of the standard library. These checks are disabled by default, but they can be enabled by vendors when building the library by using LIBCXX_ENABLE_DEBUG_MODE.

ACKs for top commit:
  MarcoFalke:
    lgtm ACK 4de9c2a

Tree-SHA512: 788c7f031ccf7a6ac96a87758e57f604cf4d9db0144f0ecc4931823111d2396e64ab260825d74f06b2770d0ac3e4e2c21c46f4def046cf3e1a44d705921ab6d2

Author: fanquake

ci/test/01_base_install.sh

@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ if [[ ${USE_MEMORY_SANITIZER} == "true" ]]; then
   update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/clang++ clang++ "$(which clang++-16)" 100
   update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/clang clang "$(which clang-16)" 100
   git clone --depth=1 https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project -b llvmorg-16.0.1 "${BASE_SCRATCH_DIR}"/msan/llvm-project
-  cmake -B "${BASE_SCRATCH_DIR}"/msan/build/ -DLLVM_ENABLE_RUNTIMES='libcxx;libcxxabi' -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Release -DLLVM_USE_SANITIZER=MemoryWithOrigins -DCMAKE_C_COMPILER=clang -DCMAKE_CXX_COMPILER=clang++ -DLLVM_TARGETS_TO_BUILD=X86 -DLLVM_ENABLE_PER_TARGET_RUNTIME_DIR=OFF -S "${BASE_SCRATCH_DIR}"/msan/llvm-project/runtimes
+  cmake -B "${BASE_SCRATCH_DIR}"/msan/build/ -DLLVM_ENABLE_RUNTIMES='libcxx;libcxxabi' -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Release -DLLVM_USE_SANITIZER=MemoryWithOrigins -DCMAKE_C_COMPILER=clang -DCMAKE_CXX_COMPILER=clang++ -DLLVM_TARGETS_TO_BUILD=X86 -DLLVM_ENABLE_PER_TARGET_RUNTIME_DIR=OFF -DLIBCXX_ENABLE_DEBUG_MODE=ON -DLIBCXX_ENABLE_ASSERTIONS=ON -S "${BASE_SCRATCH_DIR}"/msan/llvm-project/runtimes
   make -C "${BASE_SCRATCH_DIR}"/msan/build/ "$MAKEJOBS"
 fi