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CLI

sudo su -                   # Become root with root env

sudo -n [<user>]            # Ensure to be non-interactive
sudo -i [<user>]            # sudo and run login shells of the user
sudo -l -U <user>           # List sudo permissions of given user

sudo -k                     # Force password on next sudo

visudo                             # Safely change /etc/sudoers file
visudo -f /etc/sudoers.d/<file>    # Edit sudoers.d file

To edit broken /etc/sudoers files

pkexec visudo
pkexec visudo -f /etc/sudoers.d/<file>

/etc/sudoers Syntax Examples

%sudo       ALL=(ALL:ALL) ALL              # Allow group 'sudo' with password
%sudo       ALL=(ALL:ALL) NOPASSWD: ALL    # Allow group 'sudo' without password

jon.smith   ALL(ALL) ALL               # Allow user 'jon.smith' with password
jon.smith   ALL(ALL) NOPASSWD: ALL     # Allow user 'jon.smith' without password

sudo: no tty present and no askpass program specified

Can be solved by adding

Defaults:<user name> !requiretty
Defaults:<user name> !visiblepw

at the end of /etc/sudoers. Note that this issue can also indicate a password prompt when you run a different command than you expect. In any case if you can't solve it check /var/log/auth.log to see what the real command is.

sudo: Pseudo-terminal will not be allocated

Happens for example when you ssh + sudo. Insteaf of

ssh myserver sudo vi /etc/passwed

do

ssh -t myserver sudo vi /etc/passwd

Misc