mkmaciso

#!/usr/bin/env bash
# Copyright (c) 2024–2025, LongQT-sea

# mkmaciso – the ultimate tool for creating macOS installer ISO and DMG images

# Run with -h or --help to show usage.

# Goals:
#   - Use only macOS built-in tools and commands.
#   - Download macOS installers exclusively from official Apple sources.
#   - Support macOS 10.7 Lion through macOS 26 Tahoe installers.
#   - Produce the smallest possible installer images for both formats.
#   - The image must be usable on Windows and Linux.
#
# ISO image:
#   - A proper UDF DVD/CD format image (mountable in Windows).
#   - Intended for virtual machine use; attach as a virtual CD/DVD drive.
#   - Compatible with Proxmox VE, QEMU, VirtualBox, and VMware.
#
# DMG image:
#   - Raw disk image with GUID Partition Table, this is mandatory so it can be flash to a USB drive using Rufus (Windows).
#   - Can also be used with virtual machines, but must be attached as a virtual hard disk.
#   - Most VMM require convert the .dmg image to a compatible virtual disk format using qemu-img,
#       e.g. convert to .vhd for Hyper-V or .vmdk for VMware. QEMU can use raw disk image without conversion.
#
# For easier use and distribution, the final DMG image will have '.img' appended to its file name.
# Rufus no longer require switching to "All files" to saw the DMG image in Explorer.
# Also fix "qemu-img: Could not locate UDIF trailer in dmg file" error.
#
# While the script is compatible with Apple silicon Macs, it’s still recommended to run it on an x86_64 Intel Mac for optimal results.

set -e # Exit on error
#set -x # Debug

# Official Apple download URLs for macOS 10.7-10.12 (except 10.9)
# https://support.apple.com/en-hk/102662#browser
LION_URL="https://updates.cdn-apple.com/2021/macos/041-7683-20210614-E610947E-C7CE-46EB-8860-D26D71F0D3EA/InstallMacOSX.dmg"
MOUNTAIN_LION_URL="https://updates.cdn-apple.com/2021/macos/031-0627-20210614-90D11F33-1A65-42DD-BBEA-E1D9F43A6B3F/InstallMacOSX.dmg"
YOSEMITE_URL="http://updates-http.cdn-apple.com/2019/cert/061-41343-20191023-02465f92-3ab5-4c92-bfe2-b725447a070d/InstallMacOSX.dmg"
EL_CAPITAN_URL="http://updates-http.cdn-apple.com/2019/cert/061-41424-20191024-218af9ec-cf50-4516-9011-228c78eda3d2/InstallMacOSX.dmg"
SIERRA_URL="http://updates-http.cdn-apple.com/2019/cert/061-39476-20191023-48f365f4-0015-4c41-9f44-39d3d2aca067/InstallOS.dmg"

# Official Apple download URLs for macOS 10.13-10.15
# https://swscan.apple.com/content/catalogs/others/index-15-14-13-12-10.16-10.15-10.14-10.13-10.12-10.11-10.10-10.9-mountainlion-lion-snowleopard-leopard.merged-1.sucatalog
CATALINA_BASE_URL="https://swcdn.apple.com/content/downloads/26/37/001-68446/r1dbqtmf3mtpikjnd04cq31p4jk91dceh8/"
MOJAVE_BASE_URL="https://swcdn.apple.com/content/downloads/17/32/061-26589-A_8GJTCGY9PC/25fhcu905eta7wau7aoafu8rvdm7k1j4el/"
HIGH_SIERRA_BASE_URL="https://swcdn.apple.com/content/downloads/06/50/041-91758-A_M8T44LH2AW/b5r4og05fhbgatve4agwy4kgkzv07mdid9/"

# Default parameters
VERSION="${1:-}"
IMAGE_FORMAT="${2:-}"
OUTPUT_PATH="${3:-}"
RETRIES_COUNT=10
FINAL_OUTPUT_PATH=""
DISK_ID=""

# Get CPU architecture
CPU_ARCH=$(uname -m)

# Get current macOS kernel version
KERNEL_VERSION=$(uname -r | cut -d'.' -f1)

# Color codes for output
RED='\033[0;31m'
GREEN='\033[0;32m'
YELLOW='\033[1;33m'
CYAN='\033[0;36m'
BOLD='\033[1m'
NC='\033[0m' # No Color

# Run on macOS only
[ "$(uname -s)" != "Darwin" ] && echo "${RED}Error: macOS only${NC}" && exit 1

# Requires Mavericks (10.9) or newer to run this script
if [ "$KERNEL_VERSION" -lt 13 ]; then
  echo "${RED}Unsupported macOS version. Requires Mavericks (10.9) or newer${NC}"
  exit 1
fi

# Helper functions
log_info() {
    echo -e "${GREEN}$(date +'%H:%M:%S') [INFO]${NC} $1"
}

log_warn() {
    echo -e "${YELLOW}$(date +'%H:%M:%S') [WARN]${NC} $1"
}

log_error() {
    echo -e "${RED}$(date +'%H:%M:%S') [ERROR]${NC} $1"
}

check_sudo_access() {
    if ! sudo -v; then
        log_error "This script requires administrator privileges"
        exit 1
    fi
    
    # Keep sudo alive
    while true; do sudo -n true; sleep 60; kill -0 "$$" || exit; done 2>/dev/null &
}

check_disk_space() {
    local required_gb=40
    local threshold_gb=15
    local available=$(df -g . | awk 'NR==2 {print $4}')
    
    if [ "$available" -lt "$threshold_gb" ]; then
        log_error "CRITICAL: Only ${available} GB available, (${required_gb} GB or more recommended"
        log_error "Cannot continue due to low disk space"
        exit 1
    elif [ "$available" -lt "$required_gb" ]; then
        log_error "WARNING: Low disk space - ${available} GB available, ${required_gb} GB or more recommended"
        echo ""
        echo -ne "${YELLOW}[WARN]${NC} Continue? (Y/n - auto-yes in 10 seconds): "
        read -t 10 answer || answer="y"
        case "$answer" in
            [Nn]|[Nn][Oo])
                log_error "Aborted"
                exit 1
                ;;
            *)
                log_info "Continuing..."
                echo ""
                ;;
        esac
    fi
}

detach_disk() {
    local disk="$1"
    [ -z "$disk" ] && return 0
    
    for attempt in $(seq 1 "$RETRIES_COUNT"); do
        log_info "Detach attempt $attempt of $RETRIES_COUNT..."
        if sync && sleep 5 && hdiutil detach -quiet "$disk" || hdiutil detach -quiet "$disk" -force; then
            log_info "Disk detached successfully"
            return 0
        fi
        [ "$attempt" -lt "$RETRIES_COUNT" ] && log_warn "Detach failed, retrying..."
    done
    
    log_error "Failed to detach $disk after $RETRIES_COUNT attempts"
    return 1
}

cleanup() {
    # Only clean up if WORK_DIR is defined and not root/home
    if [ -n "$WORK_DIR" ] && [ -d "$WORK_DIR" ] && [ "$WORK_DIR" != "/" ] && [ "$WORK_DIR" != "$HOME" ]; then
        # Unmount
        for mnt in "$WORK_DIR"/*_mnt; do
            [ -d "$mnt" ] && detach_disk "$mnt" 2>/dev/null || true
        done
        
        if [ -n "${DISK_ID:-}" ]; then
            detach_disk "$DISK_ID"
        fi
        
        log_info "Cleaning up temporary files..."
        sudo rm -rf "$WORK_DIR"
    fi
}

trap cleanup EXIT

get_version_number() {
    local codename="$1"
    case "$codename" in
        "lion") echo "10.7" ;;
        "mountainlion") echo "10.8" ;;
        "mavericks") echo "10.9" ;;
        "yosemite") echo "10.10" ;;
        "elcapitan") echo "10.11" ;;
        "sierra") echo "10.12" ;;
        "highsierra") echo "10.13" ;;
        "mojave") echo "10.14" ;;
        "catalina") echo "10.15" ;;
        "bigsur") echo "11" ;;
        "monterey") echo "12" ;;
        "ventura") echo "13" ;;
        "sonoma") echo "14" ;;
        "sequoia") echo "15" ;;
        "tahoe") echo "26" ;;
        *) echo "" ;;
    esac
}

get_codename() {
    local version="$1"
    case "$version" in
        "10.7") echo "Lion" ;;
        "10.8") echo "Mountain_Lion" ;;
        "10.9") echo "Mavericks" ;;
        "10.10") echo "Yosemite" ;;
        "10.11") echo "El_Capitan" ;;
        "10.12") echo "Sierra" ;;
        "10.13") echo "High_Sierra" ;;
        "10.14") echo "Mojave" ;;
        "10.15") echo "Catalina" ;;
        "11") echo "Big_Sur" ;;
        "12") echo "Monterey" ;;
        "13") echo "Ventura" ;;
        "14") echo "Sonoma" ;;
        "15") echo "Sequoia" ;;
        "26") echo "Tahoe" ;;
        *) echo "" ;;
    esac
}

get_installer_app_name() {
    local version_num="$1"
    
    case "$version_num" in
        "10.7")
            echo "Install Mac OS X Lion"
            ;;
        "10.8")
            echo "Install OS X Mountain Lion"
            ;;
        "10.9")
            echo "Install OS X Mavericks"
            ;;
        "10.10")
            echo "Install OS X Yosemite"
            ;;
        "10.11")
            echo "Install OS X El Capitan"
            ;;
        "10.12")
            echo "Install macOS Sierra"
            ;;
        "10.13")
            echo "Install macOS High Sierra"
            ;;
        "10.14")
            echo "Install macOS Mojave"
            ;;
        "10.15")
            echo "Install macOS Catalina"
            ;;
        "11")
            echo "Install macOS Big Sur"
            ;;
        "12")
            echo "Install macOS Monterey"
            ;;
        "13")
            echo "Install macOS Ventura"
            ;;
        "14")
            echo "Install macOS Sonoma"
            ;;
        "15")
            echo "Install macOS Sequoia"
            ;;
        "26")
            echo "Install macOS Tahoe"
            ;;
        *)
            echo ""
            ;;
    esac
}

# ==========================
# Interactive Menu Functions
# ==========================

print_header() {
    clear
    echo -e "${BOLD}${CYAN}"
    echo "╔══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╗"
    echo "║ mkmaciso – the ultimate tool for creating macOS installer ISO and DMG images ║"
    echo "╠══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╣"
    echo "║                               Interactive mode                               ║"
    echo "╚══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╝"
    echo -e "${NC}"
}

print_separator() {
    echo -e "${CYAN}──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────${NC}"
}

# Array of macOS versions for the menu
declare -a MACOS_VERSIONS=(
    "10.7|Lion|2011"
    "10.8|Mountain Lion|2012"
    "10.9|Mavericks|2013"
    "10.10|Yosemite|2014"
    "10.11|El Capitan|2015"
    "10.12|Sierra|2016"
    "10.13|High Sierra|2017"
    "10.14|Mojave|2018"
    "10.15|Catalina|2019"
    "11|Big Sur|2020"
    "12|Monterey|2021"
    "13|Ventura|2022"
    "14|Sonoma|2023"
    "15|Sequoia|2024"
    "26|Tahoe|2025"
)

show_version_menu() {
    print_header
    echo -e "${BOLD}Step 1/3: Select macOS Version${NC}"
    print_separator
    echo ""
    
    local i=1
    local col=0
    
    # Print versions in two columns
    echo -e "  ${BOLD}#   Version    Name              Year${NC}    ${BOLD}#   Version    Name              Year${NC}"
    print_separator
    
    local total=${#MACOS_VERSIONS[@]}
    local half=$(( (total + 1) / 2 ))
    
    for ((i=0; i<half; i++)); do
        # Left column
        IFS='|' read -r ver name year <<< "${MACOS_VERSIONS[$i]}"
        printf "  ${CYAN}%2d${NC})  %-8s  %-16s  %s" "$((i+2))" "$ver" "$name" "$year"
        
        # Right column
        local right_idx=$((i + half))
        if [ $right_idx -lt $total ]; then
            IFS='|' read -r ver name year <<< "${MACOS_VERSIONS[$right_idx]}"
            printf "    ${CYAN}%2d${NC})  %-8s  %-16s  %s" "$((right_idx+2))" "$ver" "$name" "$year"
        fi
        echo ""
    done
    
    echo ""
    print_separator
    echo ""
    echo -e "  ${YELLOW}Default: 16 (Tahoe - latest)${NC}"
    echo ""
    echo -n "  Enter your choice [2-$((total+1))] or press Enter for default: "
}

show_format_menu() {
    local selected_version="$1"
    local selected_name="$2"
    
    print_header
    echo -e "${BOLD}Step 2/3: Select Image Format${NC}"
    print_separator
    echo ""
    echo -e "  Selected macOS: $selected_name ($selected_version)"
    echo ""
    print_separator
    echo ""
    echo -e "  ${CYAN}1${NC})  ${BOLD}ISO${NC}  - For virtual machines (Proxmox, QEMU, VMware, VirtualBox)"
    echo "            Attach to VMs as DVD/CD drive"
    echo ""
    echo -e "  ${CYAN}2${NC})  ${BOLD}DMG${NC}  - For USB drives (use Rufus on Windows, dd on Linux)"
    echo "            Can also be used with VMs as virtual hard disk"
    echo ""
    print_separator
    echo ""
    echo -e "  ${YELLOW}Default: [1] ISO${NC}"
    echo ""
    echo -n "  Enter your choice [1-2] or press Enter for default: "
}

show_output_menu() {
    local selected_version="$1"
    local selected_name="$2"
    local selected_format="$3"
    
    print_header
    echo -e "${BOLD}Step 3/3: Select Output Location${NC}"
    print_separator
    echo ""
    echo -e "  Selected macOS: $selected_name ($selected_version)"
    echo -e "  Selected Format: $(echo "$selected_format" | tr '[:lower:]' '[:upper:]')"
    echo ""
    print_separator
    echo ""
    echo -e "  ${CYAN}1${NC})  ${BOLD}Current Directory${NC}"
    echo "      $(pwd)"
    echo ""
    echo -e "  ${CYAN}2${NC})  ${BOLD}Desktop${NC}"
    echo "      $HOME/Desktop"
    echo ""
    echo -e "  ${CYAN}3${NC})  ${BOLD}Downloads${NC}"
    echo "      $HOME/Downloads"
    echo ""
    echo -e "  ${CYAN}4${NC})  ${BOLD}Home Directory${NC}"
    echo "      $HOME"
    echo ""
    echo -e "  ${CYAN}5${NC})  ${BOLD}Custom Path${NC}"
    echo "      Enter your own path"
    echo ""
    print_separator
    echo ""
    echo -e "  ${YELLOW}Default: [1] Current Directory${NC}"
    echo ""
    echo -n "  Enter your choice [1-5] or press Enter for default: "
}

show_confirmation() {
    local selected_version="$1"
    local selected_name="$2"
    local selected_format="$3"
    local output_file="$4"
    
    print_header
    echo -e "${BOLD}Confirmation${NC}"
    print_separator
    echo ""
    echo -e "  ${BOLD}macOS Version:${NC}  $selected_name ($selected_version)"
    echo -e "  ${BOLD}Image Format:${NC}   $(echo "$selected_format" | tr '[:lower:]' '[:upper:]')"
    echo -e "  ${BOLD}Output File:${NC}    $output_file"
    echo ""
    print_separator
    echo ""
    echo -n "  Proceed with these settings? [Y/n]: "
}

run_interactive_menu() {
    local selected_version=""
    local selected_name=""
    local selected_format=""
    local output_dir=""
    local output_file=""
    
    # Step 1: Select macOS version
    while true; do
        show_version_menu
        read -r choice
        
        # Default to Tahoe
        if [ -z "$choice" ]; then
            choice=16
        fi
        
        # Validate input
        if [[ "$choice" =~ ^[0-9]+$ ]] && [ "$choice" -ge 2 ] && [ "$choice" -le $((${#MACOS_VERSIONS[@]} + 1)) ]; then
            local idx=$((choice - 2))
            IFS='|' read -r selected_version selected_name _ <<< "${MACOS_VERSIONS[$idx]}"
            break
        else
            echo -e "\n  ${RED}Invalid choice. Please enter a number between 2 and $((${#MACOS_VERSIONS[@]} + 1))${NC}"
            sleep 2
        fi
    done
    
    # Step 2: Select format
    while true; do
        show_format_menu "$selected_version" "$selected_name"
        read -r choice
        
        # Default to ISO
        if [ -z "$choice" ]; then
            choice=1
        fi
        
        case "$choice" in
            1)
                selected_format="iso"
                break
                ;;
            2)
                selected_format="dmg"
                break
                ;;
            *)
                echo -e "\n  ${RED}Invalid choice. Please enter 1 or 2${NC}"
                sleep 2
                ;;
        esac
    done
    
    # Step 3: Select output location
    while true; do
        show_output_menu "$selected_version" "$selected_name" "$selected_format"
        read -r choice
        
        # Default to current directory
        if [ -z "$choice" ]; then
            choice=1
        fi
        
        case "$choice" in
            1)
                output_dir="$(pwd)"
                break
                ;;
            2)
                output_dir="$HOME/Desktop"
                break
                ;;
            3)
                output_dir="$HOME/Downloads"
                break
                ;;
            4)
                output_dir="$HOME"
                break
                ;;
            5)
                echo ""
                echo -n "  Enter custom path: "
                read -r custom_path
                # Expand ~ if present
                custom_path="${custom_path/#\~/$HOME}"
                if [ -d "$custom_path" ]; then
                    output_dir="$custom_path"
                    break
                else
                    echo -e "\n  ${RED}Directory does not exist: $custom_path${NC}"
                    echo -n "  Create it? [y/N]: "
                    read -r create_dir
                    if [[ "$create_dir" =~ ^[Yy] ]]; then
                        mkdir -p "$custom_path"
                        output_dir="$custom_path"
                        break
                    fi
                fi
                ;;
            *)
                echo -e "\n  ${RED}Invalid choice. Please enter 1-5${NC}"
                sleep 2
                ;;
        esac
    done
    
    # Format the version name for filename (replace spaces with underscores)
    local filename_name="${selected_name// /_}"
    output_file="${output_dir}/macOS_${filename_name}.${selected_format}"
    
    # Confirmation
    show_confirmation "$selected_version" "$selected_name" "$selected_format" "$output_file"
    read -r confirm
    
    if [[ "$confirm" =~ ^[Nn] ]]; then
        echo ""
        echo -e "  ${YELLOW}Aborted by user${NC}"
        echo ""
        exit 0
    fi
    
    # Set global variables for main script
    VERSION="$selected_version"
    IMAGE_FORMAT="$selected_format"
    OUTPUT_PATH="$output_file"
    
    clear
}

# =================================
# End of Interactive Menu Functions
# =================================

download_legacy_macos() {
    local version_num="$1"
    local download_url=""
    
    case "$version_num" in
        "10.7")
            download_url="$LION_URL"
            ;;
        "10.8")
            download_url="$MOUNTAIN_LION_URL"
            ;;
        "10.9")
            download_mavericks
            return $?
            ;;
        "10.10")
            download_url="$YOSEMITE_URL"
            ;;
        "10.11")
            download_url="$EL_CAPITAN_URL"
            ;;
        "10.12")
            download_url="$SIERRA_URL"
            ;;
        *)
            log_error "Unsupported legacy macOS version: $version_num"
            return 1
            ;;
    esac
    
    log_info "Downloading macOS $(get_codename $version_num)..."
    # If download does not finish within 30 minutes (--max-time 1800), redownload to establish a new connection.
    curl --retry 5 --max-time 1800 --connect-timeout 10 --progress-bar -L "$download_url" -o "$WORK_DIR/InstallMacOSX.dmg"
}

# macOS 10.9 Mavericks requires special handling:
# 1. Must use Apple's recovery server protocol to download
# 2. Requires specific hardware identifiers for authentication
# Reference: https://mavericksforever.com/get.sh

download_mavericks() {
    local board_serial_number="C0243070168G3M91F"
    local board_id="Mac-3CBD00234E554E41"
    local rom="003EE1E6AC14"
    
    hex_to_bin() { printf "%s" "$1" | xxd -r -p; }
    
    # Get server ID
    local server_id=$(curl -fs -c - http://osrecovery.apple.com/ | tail -1 | awk '{print $NF}')
    
    # Generate client ID
    local client_id=$(dd if=/dev/urandom bs=8 count=1 2>/dev/null | od -An -tx1 | tr -d ' \n' | tr '[:lower:]' '[:upper:]')
    
    # Create key_info file
    {
        hex_to_bin "$client_id"
        hex_to_bin "$(echo $server_id | awk -F'~' '{print $2}')"
        hex_to_bin "$rom"
        printf "%s" "${board_serial_number}${board_id}" | iconv -t utf-8 | openssl dgst -sha256 -binary
        printf '\xCC\xCC\xCC\xCC\xCC\xCC\xCC\xCC\xCC\xCC'
    } > "$WORK_DIR/key_info"
    
    # Generate key
    local key=$(openssl dgst -sha256 -binary < "$WORK_DIR/key_info" | od -An -tx1 | tr -d ' \n' | tr '[:lower:]' '[:upper:]')
    rm "$WORK_DIR/key_info"
    
    # Get installation payload
    local installation_payload=$(curl -fs 'http://osrecovery.apple.com/InstallationPayload/OSInstaller' -X POST \
        -H 'Content-Type: text/plain' \
        --cookie "session=$server_id" \
        -d "cid=$client_id
sn=$board_serial_number
bid=$board_id
k=$key")
    
    # Extract asset URL and token
    local mavericks_url=$(echo "$installation_payload" | grep AU | awk -F': ' '{print $2}')
    local token=$(echo "$installation_payload" | grep AT | awk -F': ' '{print $2}')
    log_info "Mavericks URL detected: $mavericks_url"
    echo ""
    log_info "Downloading macOS Mavericks using special method..."
    
    # Download Mavericks InstallESD.dmg
    # If download does not finish within 30 minutes (--max-time 1800), redownload to establish a new connection.
    curl --retry 5 --max-time 1800 --connect-timeout 10 --progress-bar -L "$mavericks_url" -H "Cookie: AssetToken=$token" -o "$WORK_DIR/InstallESD.dmg"
}

install_legacy_app() {
    local version_num="$1"
    local dmg_file="$2"
    
    log_info "Installing macOS $(get_codename $version_num) installer to /Applications..."
    
    if [[ "$version_num" =~ ^(10\.7|10\.8|10\.10|10\.11|10\.12)$ ]]; then
        # Mount the downloaded DMG image
        hdiutil attach -nobrowse -quiet -mountpoint "$WORK_DIR/downloaded_dmg_mnt" "$dmg_file"
        
        # Manual installation process for Apple silicon.
        # The 'Install OSX/macOS.app' produced by manual install is not suitable
        # for creating a bootable USB using 'createinstallmedia'.
        if [ "$CPU_ARCH" == "arm64" ]; then
            log_info "Apple silicon detected, using manual installation..."
            
            # Extract the package
            pkgutil --expand "$WORK_DIR/downloaded_dmg_mnt"/*.pkg "$WORK_DIR/pkg_extracted"
            
            # Find the inner package directory (InstallMacOSX.pkg)
            local inner_pkg=$(ls -d "$WORK_DIR/pkg_extracted"/*.pkg 2>/dev/null | head -1)
            
            # Extract the app from Payload to /Applications
            cd /Applications
            sudo cpio -idm < "$inner_pkg/Payload"
            cd - > /dev/null
            
            # Copy InstallESD.dmg
            local app_path="/Applications/$(get_installer_app_name $version_num).app"
            sudo ditto "$inner_pkg/InstallESD.dmg" "$app_path/Contents/SharedSupport/InstallESD.dmg"
            sudo chown root:wheel "$app_path/Contents/SharedSupport/InstallESD.dmg"
            
            log_info "Installed $(get_installer_app_name $version_num) to /Applications"
            log_warn "Note: This $(get_installer_app_name $version_num) is not suitable for creating a bootable USB using 'createinstallmedia'"
            
        else
            # Standard installation for Intel Macs
            sudo installer -pkg "$WORK_DIR/downloaded_dmg_mnt"/*.pkg -target / && \
                log_info "Installed $(get_installer_app_name $version_num) to /Applications"
        fi
        
        sync && detach_disk "$WORK_DIR/downloaded_dmg_mnt"
    
    elif [ "$version_num" == "10.9" ]; then
        # Check if InstallESD.dmg exists
        if [ -f "$WORK_DIR/InstallESD.dmg" ]; then
            # Mount InstallESD.dmg and BaseSystem.dmg inside it
            hdiutil attach -nobrowse -quiet -mountpoint "$WORK_DIR/InstallESD_mnt" "$WORK_DIR/InstallESD.dmg"
            hdiutil attach -nobrowse -quiet -mountpoint "$WORK_DIR/BaseSystem_mnt" "$WORK_DIR/InstallESD_mnt/BaseSystem.dmg"
            
            # Copy required files
            sudo cp -a "$WORK_DIR/BaseSystem_mnt/Install OS X Mavericks.app" "/Applications/"
            sudo mkdir "/Applications/Install OS X Mavericks.app/Contents/SharedSupport"
            sudo cp -a "$WORK_DIR/InstallESD.dmg" "/Applications/Install OS X Mavericks.app/Contents/SharedSupport/InstallESD.dmg"
            sudo cp -a "$WORK_DIR/InstallESD_mnt/Packages/OSInstall.mpkg" "/Applications/Install OS X Mavericks.app/Contents/SharedSupport/"
            sudo chown -R root:wheel "/Applications/Install OS X Mavericks.app/Contents/SharedSupport/"
            
            log_info "Installed $(get_installer_app_name $version_num) to /Applications"
            
            # Unmount
            sync && detach_disk "$WORK_DIR/BaseSystem_mnt"
            sync && detach_disk "$WORK_DIR/InstallESD_mnt"
        fi
    fi
}

# Reference: https://www.insanelymac.com/forum/topic/338810-create-legit-copy-of-macos-from-apple-catalog/
direct_download_10_13_10_15() {
    local version_num="$1"
    local base_url=""
    
    # Determine base URL and version name
    case "$version_num" in
        "10.13")
            base_url="$HIGH_SIERRA_BASE_URL"
            ;;
        "10.14")
            base_url="$MOJAVE_BASE_URL"
            ;;
        "10.15")
            base_url="$CATALINA_BASE_URL"
            ;;
        *)
            return 1
            ;;
    esac
    
    log_info "Downloading macOS $(get_codename $version_num) installer using direct Apple URLs..."
    echo ""
    
    # Required files for 10.13-10.15
    local files=(
        "BaseSystem.dmg"
        "BaseSystem.chunklist"
        "InstallInfo.plist"
        "InstallESDDmg.pkg"
        "AppleDiagnostics.dmg"
        "AppleDiagnostics.chunklist"
    )
    
    # Download all required files
    for filename in "${files[@]}"; do
        log_info "Downloading ${filename}..."
        curl --retry 5 --max-time 1800 --connect-timeout 10 --progress-bar \
            -L "${base_url}${filename}" -o "$WORK_DIR/${filename}"
        if [ $? -ne 0 ]; then
            log_error "Failed to download ${filename}"
            return 1
        fi
    done
    
    echo ""
    log_info "All files downloaded. Building macOS $(get_codename $version_num) installer app..."
    
    # Mount BaseSystem.dmg to extract the app
    hdiutil attach -nobrowse -quiet -mountpoint "$WORK_DIR/BaseSystem_mnt" "$WORK_DIR/BaseSystem.dmg"
    
    # Copy installer app to /Applications
    local installer_app="$WORK_DIR/BaseSystem_mnt/$(get_installer_app_name $version_num).app"
    sudo cp -Rp "$installer_app" "/Applications/"
    
    # Create SharedSupport directory
    local shared_support="/Applications/$(get_installer_app_name $version_num).app/Contents/SharedSupport"
    sudo mkdir -p "$shared_support"
    
    # Rename InstallESDDmg.pkg to InstallESD.dmg
    mv "$WORK_DIR/InstallESDDmg.pkg" "$WORK_DIR/InstallESD.dmg"
    
    # Fix InstallInfo.plist
    sed -e "s/InstallESDDmg\.pkg/InstallESD.dmg/" \
        -e "s/pkg\.InstallESDDmg/dmg.InstallESD/" \
        -e "/InstallESD\.dmg/{n;N;N;N;d;}" \
        "$WORK_DIR/InstallInfo.plist" > "$WORK_DIR/InstallInfo_fixed.plist"
    
    # Copy files to SharedSupport
    sudo cp -Rp "$WORK_DIR/BaseSystem.dmg" "$shared_support/"
    sudo cp -Rp "$WORK_DIR/BaseSystem.chunklist" "$shared_support/"
    sudo cp -Rp "$WORK_DIR/InstallInfo_fixed.plist" "$shared_support/InstallInfo.plist"
    sudo cp -Rp "$WORK_DIR/InstallESD.dmg" "$shared_support/"
    sudo cp -Rp "$WORK_DIR/AppleDiagnostics.dmg" "$shared_support/"
    sudo cp -Rp "$WORK_DIR/AppleDiagnostics.chunklist" "$shared_support/"
    
    # Set proper ownership
    sudo chown -R root:wheel "$shared_support"
    
    # Resign createinstallmedia and remove quarantine tag for Apple Silicon
    if [ "$CPU_ARCH" == "arm64" ] && [[ "$version_num" =~ ^10\.1[3-5]$ ]]; then
        sudo codesign -s - -f "/Applications/$(get_installer_app_name $version_num).app/Contents/Resources/createinstallmedia"
        sudo xattr -r -d com.apple.quarantine "/Applications/$(get_installer_app_name $version_num).app"
    fi
    
    # Detach BaseSystem.dmg
    sync && sleep 10 && detach_disk "$WORK_DIR/BaseSystem_mnt"
    
    log_info "Successfully installed $(get_installer_app_name $version_num) to /Applications"
    return 0
}

download_modern_macos() {
    local version_num="$1"
    version_name=$(get_codename $version_num)
    version_name="${version_name/_/ }"
    
    # Use direct download when softwareupdate is not available
    if [[ "$version_num" =~ ^10\.1[345]$ ]]; then
        # For Apple silicon: always use direct download for 10.13-10.15
        if [ "$CPU_ARCH" == "arm64" ]; then
            log_info "Apple silicon detected"
            echo ""
            
            # Show warning on Apple silicon
            log_warn "╔═════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╗"
            log_warn "║                     Apple silicon Limitation                    ║"
            log_warn "╠═════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╣"
            log_warn "║ On Apple silicon, softwareupdate cannot download macOS versions ║"
            log_warn "║ older than the one that originally shipped with your device.    ║"
            log_warn "╚═════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╝"
            echo ""
            direct_download_10_13_10_15 "$version_num"
            return $?
        fi
        
        # For Intel: use direct download if running kernel < 20 (pre-Big Sur)
        if [ "$CPU_ARCH" = "x86_64" ] && [ "$KERNEL_VERSION" -lt 20 ]; then
            log_info "Intel CPU detected"
            log_info "This Mac is running a version older than Big Sur, will attempt direct download for macOS $version_name"
            direct_download_10_13_10_15 "$version_num"
            return $?
        fi
    
    fi
    
    # Use softwareupdate for macOS Big Sur and newer
    # Check CPU architecture compatibility for softwareupdate
    if [ "$CPU_ARCH" = "x86_64" ] && [ "$KERNEL_VERSION" -lt 20 ]; then
        log_info "Intel CPU detected"
        
        # Intel Macs require macOS 11 or newer for softwareupdate
        log_error "Intel Macs must be running macOS 11 (Big Sur) or newer to download macOS using softwareupdate"
        log_error "Please upgrade your macOS to version 11 or newer"
        return 1
        
    elif [ "$CPU_ARCH" == "arm64" ]; then
        log_info "Apple silicon detected"
        
        # Show warning on Apple silicon
        log_warn "╔═════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╗"
        log_warn "║                     Apple silicon Limitation                    ║"
        log_warn "╠═════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╣"
        log_warn "║ On Apple silicon, softwareupdate cannot download macOS versions ║"
        log_warn "║ older than the one that originally shipped with your device.    ║"
        log_warn "╚═════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╝"
    fi
    
    log_info "Fetching available macOS installers..."
    softwareupdate --list-full-installers 2>/dev/null | grep "* Title:" | sed 's/^[[:space:]]*//' > $WORK_DIR/installers.txt
    
    # Get latest installer version
    local selected_version_number=$(grep -i "$version_name" $WORK_DIR/installers.txt | head -1 | sed -n 's/.*Version: \([^,]*\).*/\1/p')
    
    if [ -z "$selected_version_number" ]; then
        log_error "macOS $version_name ($version_num) is not available for download on this system"
        log_info "Available installers:"
        cat "$WORK_DIR/installers.txt"
        return 1
    fi
    
    log_info "Found latest $version_name version: $selected_version_number"
    log_info "Downloading and installing macOS $version_name installer (this may take a while)..."
    
    # Download with retries (max 4 times)
    local download_retries=4
    for attempt in $(seq 1 $download_retries); do
        log_info "Download attempt $attempt of $download_retries..."
        if softwareupdate --fetch-full-installer --full-installer-version "$selected_version_number"; then
            log_info "Download successful!"
            return 0
        fi
        if [ $attempt -eq $download_retries ]; then
            log_error "Download failed after $download_retries attempts"
            return 1
        fi
        log_warn "Retrying in 5 seconds..."
        sleep 5
    done
}

create_iso_dmg_10_7_10_8() {
    local installer_path="$1"
    local output_file="$2"
    local volume_name="$3"
    local version_num="$4"
    local image_format=$(echo "$IMAGE_FORMAT" | tr '[:lower:]' '[:upper:]')
    
    log_info "Creating macOS $(get_codename $version_num) $image_format image..."
    echo ""
    
    # Mount InstallESD.dmg
    hdiutil attach -nobrowse -quiet -mountpoint "$WORK_DIR/InstallESD_mnt" "$installer_path/Contents/SharedSupport/InstallESD.dmg"
    
    # Extract the exact version number and append it to the file name
    local exact_version_number=$(defaults read "$WORK_DIR/InstallESD_mnt/System/Library/CoreServices/SystemVersion" ProductVersion)
    FINAL_OUTPUT_PATH="${output_file%.${IMAGE_FORMAT}}_$exact_version_number.${IMAGE_FORMAT}"

    # Create final image
    if [ "$IMAGE_FORMAT" == "dmg" ]; then
        # Create DMG with GUID Partition Table from mounted InstallESD.dmg
        sudo hdiutil create -quiet -layout GPTSPUD -format UDRW -ov -volname "$volume_name" -srcdir "$WORK_DIR/InstallESD_mnt" "$FINAL_OUTPUT_PATH"
        
        # Append .img extension
        mv -f "$FINAL_OUTPUT_PATH" "${FINAL_OUTPUT_PATH}.img"
        FINAL_OUTPUT_PATH="${FINAL_OUTPUT_PATH}.img"
        
        # Unmount
        sync && detach_disk "$WORK_DIR/InstallESD_mnt"
        
    else
        # Unmount
        sync && detach_disk "$WORK_DIR/InstallESD_mnt"
        
        log_info "Converting to ISO format..."
        sudo hdiutil makehybrid -quiet -ov -hfs -udf -default-volume-name "$volume_name" "$installer_path/Contents/SharedSupport/InstallESD.dmg" -o "$FINAL_OUTPUT_PATH"
    fi
}

create_iso_10_9_10_11() {
    local installer_path="$1"
    local output_file="$2"
    local volume_name="$3"
    local version_num="$4"
    
    log_info "Creating macOS $(get_codename $version_num) ISO image..."
    
    # Mount InstallESD.dmg
    hdiutil attach -nobrowse -quiet -mountpoint "$WORK_DIR/InstallESD_mnt" "$installer_path/Contents/SharedSupport/InstallESD.dmg"
    
    # Convert BaseSystem.dmg
    hdiutil convert -quiet "$WORK_DIR/InstallESD_mnt/BaseSystem.dmg" -format UDRW -o "$WORK_DIR/BaseSystem_converted.dmg"
    
    # Increase size
    sudo hdiutil resize -size 7.1g "$WORK_DIR/BaseSystem_converted.dmg"
    
    # Mount the converted DMG
    DISK_ID=$(hdiutil attach -nobrowse -mountpoint "$WORK_DIR/BaseSystem_mnt" "$WORK_DIR/BaseSystem_converted.dmg" | grep -o '/dev/disk[0-9]*' | head -1)
    
    # Remove Packages symlink and copy actual Packages
    rm "$WORK_DIR/BaseSystem_mnt/System/Installation/Packages"
    cp -R "$WORK_DIR/InstallESD_mnt/Packages" "$WORK_DIR/BaseSystem_mnt/System/Installation/"
    
    # Copy required files
    cp "$WORK_DIR/InstallESD_mnt/BaseSystem.dmg" "$WORK_DIR/BaseSystem_mnt/"
    cp "$WORK_DIR/InstallESD_mnt/BaseSystem.chunklist" "$WORK_DIR/BaseSystem_mnt/"
	
    # Note: For Mavericks UDF format, boot.efi attempts to load /mach_kernel, but none exists.
    # Although we can extract it from Packages/BaseSystemBinaries.pkg, there's a simpler solution:
    if [ "$version_num" == "10.9" ]; then
        cp "$WORK_DIR/BaseSystem_mnt/System/Library/Caches/com.apple.kext.caches/Startup/kernelcache" "$WORK_DIR/BaseSystem_mnt/mach_kernel"
    fi
	
    # Extract the exact version number and append it to the file name
    local exact_version_number=$(defaults read "$WORK_DIR/BaseSystem_mnt/System/Library/CoreServices/SystemVersion" ProductVersion)
    FINAL_OUTPUT_PATH="${output_file%.iso}_$exact_version_number.iso"
    
    # Unmount
    detach_disk "$WORK_DIR/InstallESD_mnt"
    detach_disk "$DISK_ID" && DISK_ID=""
    
    # Create ISO
    log_info "Converting to ISO format..."
    sudo hdiutil makehybrid -quiet -ov -hfs -udf -default-volume-name "$volume_name" \
        "$WORK_DIR/BaseSystem_converted.dmg" -o "$FINAL_OUTPUT_PATH"
}

create_dmg_10_9_to_10_12_alt_method() {
    local installer_path="$1"
    local output_file="$2"
    local volume_name="$3"
    local version_num="$4"
    
    log_info "Creating macOS $(get_codename $version_num) DMG image..."
    echo ""
    
    # Mount InstallESD.dmg
    hdiutil attach -nobrowse -quiet -mountpoint "$WORK_DIR/InstallESD_mnt" "$installer_path/Contents/SharedSupport/InstallESD.dmg"
	
    if [[ "$version_num" =~ ^(10\.9|10\.10)$ ]]; then
        # Attach BaseSystem.dmg
        BaseSystem_DISK_ID=$(hdiutil attach "$WORK_DIR/InstallESD_mnt/BaseSystem.dmg" -nomount | grep -o '/dev/disk[0-9]*' | head -1)
        
    	# Create a DMG with GUID Partition Table and attach it
    	hdiutil create -quiet -ov -fs hfs+ -size 1400m "$WORK_DIR/installer_gpt.dmg"
        DISK_ID=$(hdiutil attach "$WORK_DIR/installer_gpt.dmg" -nomount | grep -o '/dev/disk[0-9]*' | head -1)
        
        # Write the bootable recovery partition to the first partition on the DMG image
        sudo dd if="${BaseSystem_DISK_ID}s2" of="${DISK_ID}s1" bs=1m && detach_disk "$BaseSystem_DISK_ID"
        
        # Unmount
        detach_disk "$DISK_ID" && DISK_ID=""
        
        # Increase size
        sudo hdiutil resize -size 7g "$WORK_DIR/installer_gpt.dmg"
        
    elif [[ "$version_num" =~ ^(10\.11|10\.12)$ ]]; then
        local dmg_size
        case "$version_num" in
            "10.11")
                dmg_size="7.1"
                ;;
            *)
                dmg_size="5.9"
                ;;
        esac
        
        # El Capitan and Sierra BaseSystem.dmg already use a GUID Partition Table
        # Convert BaseSystem.dmg
        hdiutil convert -quiet "$WORK_DIR/InstallESD_mnt/BaseSystem.dmg" -format UDRW -o "$WORK_DIR/installer_gpt.dmg"
        
        # Increase size
        sudo hdiutil resize -size ${dmg_size}g "$WORK_DIR/installer_gpt.dmg"
    fi
    
    # Mount DMG image and change volume name
    DISK_ID=$(hdiutil attach -nobrowse -mountpoint "$WORK_DIR/installer_mnt" "$WORK_DIR/installer_gpt.dmg" | grep -o '/dev/disk[0-9]*' | head -1)
    diskutil rename "${DISK_ID}s1" "$volume_name"
    
    # Remove Packages symlink and copy actual Packages
    rm "$WORK_DIR/installer_mnt/System/Installation/Packages"
    ditto "$WORK_DIR/InstallESD_mnt/Packages" "$WORK_DIR/installer_mnt/System/Installation/Packages"
    
    # Copy required files
    cp -R "$WORK_DIR/InstallESD_mnt/BaseSystem.dmg" "$WORK_DIR/installer_mnt/"
    cp -R "$WORK_DIR/InstallESD_mnt/BaseSystem.chunklist" "$WORK_DIR/installer_mnt/"
    
    # Extract the exact version number and append it to the file name
    local exact_version_number=$(defaults read "$WORK_DIR/installer_mnt/System/Library/CoreServices/SystemVersion" ProductVersion)
    FINAL_OUTPUT_PATH="${output_file%.dmg}_$exact_version_number.dmg.img"
    
	sync && sleep 5
	
    # Unmount
    detach_disk "$WORK_DIR/InstallESD_mnt"
    detach_disk "$DISK_ID" && DISK_ID=""
	
    # Optimize DMG file size
    log_info "Optimizing DMG file size..."
    sudo hdiutil resize -size min "$WORK_DIR/installer_gpt.dmg"
    
    # Move to output
    log_info "Move to $FINAL_OUTPUT_PATH"
    mv -f "$WORK_DIR/installer_gpt.dmg" "$FINAL_OUTPUT_PATH"
}

create_iso_dmg_10_15_alt_method() {
    local installer_path="$1"
    local output_file="$2"
    local volume_name="$3"
    local version_num="$4"
    local image_format=$(echo "$IMAGE_FORMAT" | tr '[:lower:]' '[:upper:]')
    
    log_info "Apple Silicon detected. Using alternative method for Catalina instead of 'createinstallmedia'"
    echo ""
    log_info "Creating macOS $(get_codename $version_num) $image_format image..."
    echo ""
    
    # Mount InstallESD.dmg
    hdiutil attach -nobrowse -quiet -mountpoint "$WORK_DIR/InstallESD_mnt" "$installer_path/Contents/SharedSupport/InstallESD.dmg"
    
    # Convert BaseSystem.dmg
    local basesystem_path="$installer_path/Contents/SharedSupport/BaseSystem.dmg"
    
    hdiutil convert -quiet "$basesystem_path" -format UDRW -o "$WORK_DIR/BaseSystem_converted.dmg"
    
    # Increase size
    sudo hdiutil resize -size 9g "$WORK_DIR/BaseSystem_converted.dmg"
    
    # Mount the converted DMG
    DISK_ID=$(hdiutil attach -nobrowse -mountpoint "$WORK_DIR/BaseSystem_mnt" "$WORK_DIR/BaseSystem_converted.dmg" | grep -o '/dev/disk[0-9]*' | head -1)
    diskutil rename "${DISK_ID}s1" "$volume_name"
    
    # Remove the stub installer app
    rm -rf "$WORK_DIR/BaseSystem_mnt/$(get_installer_app_name $version_num).app"
    
    # Copy actual installer app from /Applications
    cp -R "$installer_path" "$WORK_DIR/BaseSystem_mnt/"

    # Extract the exact version number and append it to the file name
    local exact_version_number=$(defaults read "$WORK_DIR/BaseSystem_mnt/System/Library/CoreServices/SystemVersion" ProductVersion)
    if [ "$IMAGE_FORMAT" == "dmg" ]; then
        FINAL_OUTPUT_PATH="${output_file%.dmg}_$exact_version_number.dmg.img"
    else
        FINAL_OUTPUT_PATH="${output_file%.iso}_$exact_version_number.iso"
    fi
    
    # Unmount
    detach_disk "$WORK_DIR/InstallESD_mnt"
    detach_disk "$DISK_ID" && DISK_ID=""
    
    # Create final image
    if [ "$IMAGE_FORMAT" == "dmg" ]; then
        # Optimize DMG file size
        log_info "Optimizing DMG file size..."
        sudo hdiutil resize -size min "$WORK_DIR/BaseSystem_converted.dmg"
        
        # Move to output
        log_info "Move to $FINAL_OUTPUT_PATH"
        mv -f "$WORK_DIR/BaseSystem_converted.dmg" "$FINAL_OUTPUT_PATH"
    else
        log_info "Converting to ISO format..."
        sudo hdiutil makehybrid -quiet -ov -hfs -udf -default-volume-name "$volume_name" "$WORK_DIR/BaseSystem_converted.dmg" -o "$FINAL_OUTPUT_PATH"
    fi
}

create_iso_10_12_and_later() {
    local installer_path="$1"
    local output_file="$2"
    local version_num="$3"
    
    # macOS Sierra and Catalina 'createinstallmedia' fails when running on Apple silicon
    # Redirecting to alternative method
    if [[ "$CPU_ARCH" == "arm64" ]]; then
        if [[ "$version_num" == "10.12" ]]; then
            create_iso_10_9_10_11 \
                "$installer_path" \
                "$output_file" \
                "$(get_installer_app_name "$version_num")" \
                "$version_num"
            return $?
        elif [[ "$version_num" == "10.15" ]]; then
            create_iso_dmg_10_15_alt_method \
                "$installer_path" \
                "$output_file" \
                "$(get_installer_app_name "$version_num")" \
                "$version_num"
            return $?
        fi
    fi
    
    log_info "Creating macOS $(get_codename $version_num) ISO image..."
    echo ""
    
    # Create sparse image
    hdiutil create -quiet -size 20g -volname "$(get_codename $version_num)_iso" -fs HFS+ -type SPARSE -attach "$WORK_DIR/installer.sparseimage"
    DISK_ID=$(diskutil list | grep $(get_codename $version_num)_iso | head -1 | awk '{print $NF}' | sed 's/s[0-9]*$//')
    
    # Prepare createinstallmedia command
    local cmd="sudo '$installer_path/Contents/Resources/createinstallmedia' --volume /Volumes/$(get_codename $version_num)_iso --nointeraction"

    # For macOS 10.12, need to patch Info.plist
    # For macOS 10.10-10.12, need to add --applicationpath
    if [ "$version_num" == "10.12" ]; then
        log_info "Patching Info.plist for Sierra compatibility..."
        sudo /usr/libexec/PlistBuddy -c "Set :CFBundleShortVersionString '12.6.03'" "$installer_path/Contents/Info.plist"
        cmd="$cmd --applicationpath \"$installer_path\""
    fi
    
    # Create install media
    log_info "Running createinstallmedia..."
    bash -c "$cmd"
    sync && sleep 5
    
    # Extract the exact version number and append it to the file name
    local exact_version_number=$(defaults read "/Volumes/$(get_installer_app_name "$version_num")/System/Library/CoreServices/SystemVersion" ProductVersion)
    FINAL_OUTPUT_PATH="${output_file%.iso}_$exact_version_number.iso"
    
    # Restore Info.plist
    if [ "$version_num" == "10.12" ]; then
        sudo /usr/libexec/PlistBuddy -c "Set :CFBundleShortVersionString '12.6.06'" "/Applications/Install macOS Sierra.app/Contents/Info.plist"
        sudo /usr/libexec/PlistBuddy -c "Set :CFBundleShortVersionString '12.6.06'" "/Volumes/Install macOS Sierra/Install macOS Sierra.app/Contents/Info.plist"
    fi
    
    # Unmount
    detach_disk "$DISK_ID" && DISK_ID=""
    
    # Create ISO from sparse image
    log_info "Converting to ISO format..."
    sudo hdiutil makehybrid -quiet -ov -hfs -udf "$WORK_DIR/installer.sparseimage" -o "$FINAL_OUTPUT_PATH"
}

create_dmg_10_10_and_later() {
    local installer_path="$1"
    local output_file="$2"
    local version_num="$3"
    
    # macOS Catalina, Sierra, El Capitan, and Yosemite 'createinstallmedia' fails when running on Apple silicon
    # Redirecting to alternative method
    if [[ "$CPU_ARCH" == "arm64" ]]; then
        if [[ "$version_num" =~ ^10\.1[012]$ ]]; then
            create_dmg_10_9_to_10_12_alt_method \
                "$installer_path" \
                "$output_file" \
                "$(get_installer_app_name "$version_num")" \
                "$version_num"
            return $?
        elif [[ "$version_num" = "10.15" ]]; then
            create_iso_dmg_10_15_alt_method \
                "$installer_path" \
                "$output_file" \
                "$(get_installer_app_name "$version_num")" \
                "$version_num"
            return $?
        fi
    fi
    
    log_info "Creating macOS $(get_codename $version_num) DMG image..."
    echo ""
    
    # Determine DMG size based on macOS version
    local dmg_size
    case "$version_num" in
        10.10|10.11|10.12|10.13|10.14)
            dmg_size="7g"
            ;;
        10.15)
            dmg_size="9g"
            ;;
        11|12|13)
            dmg_size="15g"
            ;;
        14|15)
            dmg_size="18g"
            ;;
        *)
            dmg_size="20g"
            ;;
    esac
    
    # Create DMG disk image
    hdiutil create -quiet -size $dmg_size -volname "$(get_codename $version_num)_dmg" -fs HFS+ -type UDIF -attach "$WORK_DIR/installer.dmg"
    DISK_ID=$(diskutil list | grep $(get_codename $version_num)_dmg | head -1 | awk '{print $NF}' | sed 's/s[0-9]*$//')
    
    # Prepare createinstallmedia command
    local cmd="sudo '$installer_path/Contents/Resources/createinstallmedia' --volume /Volumes/$(get_codename $version_num)_dmg --nointeraction"
    
    # For macOS 10.12, need to patch Info.plist
    # For macOS 10.10-10.12, need to add --applicationpath
    case "$version_num" in
        10.10|10.11)
            cmd="$cmd --applicationpath \"$installer_path\""
            ;;
        10.12)
            log_info "Patching Info.plist for Sierra compatibility..."
            sudo /usr/libexec/PlistBuddy -c "Set :CFBundleShortVersionString '12.6.03'" "$installer_path/Contents/Info.plist"
            cmd="$cmd --applicationpath \"$installer_path\""
            ;;
    esac
    
    # Create install media
    log_info "Running createinstallmedia..."
    bash -c "$cmd"
    sync && sleep 5
    
    # Restore Info.plist on macOS 10.12
    if [ "$version_num" == "10.12" ]; then
        sudo /usr/libexec/PlistBuddy -c "Set :CFBundleShortVersionString '12.6.06'" "/Applications/Install macOS Sierra.app/Contents/Info.plist"
        sudo /usr/libexec/PlistBuddy -c "Set :CFBundleShortVersionString '12.6.06'" "/Volumes/Install macOS Sierra/Install macOS Sierra.app/Contents/Info.plist"
    fi
    
    log_info "Starting DMG file size optimization..."
    
    # Check minimum size requirements
    MIN_SIZE=$(diskutil resizeVolume ${DISK_ID}s2 limits | grep "Minimum (constrained by file usage)" | sed 's/.*(\([0-9]*\) Bytes)/\1/')
    
    # Add 50MB to $MIN_SIZE for macOS 10.10–10.11 because the installation fails when resized to the minimum size
    case "$version_num" in
        10.10|10.11)
            MIN_SIZE=$((MIN_SIZE + 52428800))
            ;;
    esac
    
    # Consolidate the installer data partition by shrinking the macOS installer partition to the minimum size.
    log_info "Shrinking macOS installer partition to minimum..."
    diskutil resizeVolume ${DISK_ID}s2 "${MIN_SIZE}B" free free 0 >/dev/null 2>&1
    
    # Expand back to consolidate
    log_info "Expanding back to consolidate data ..."
    for attempt in $(seq 1 $RETRIES_COUNT); do
        log_info "Resize attempt $attempt of $RETRIES_COUNT..."
        if diskutil resizeVolume ${DISK_ID}s2 0 >/dev/null 2>&1; then
            log_info "Partition resized successfully"
            break
        fi
        if [ $attempt -lt $RETRIES_COUNT ]; then
            log_warn "Resize failed, retrying..."
            sync && sleep 5
        fi
    done
    
    # Extract the exact version number and append it to the file name
    local exact_version_number=$(defaults read "/Volumes/$(get_installer_app_name "$version_num")/System/Library/CoreServices/SystemVersion" ProductVersion)
    FINAL_OUTPUT_PATH="${output_file%.dmg}_$exact_version_number.dmg.img"
    
    # Unmount
    detach_disk "$DISK_ID" && DISK_ID=""
    
    # Optimize DMG file size
    log_info "Final optimization..."
    sudo hdiutil resize -size min "$WORK_DIR/installer.dmg"
    
    # Move to output and append .iso extension
    mv -f "$WORK_DIR/installer.dmg" "$FINAL_OUTPUT_PATH"
}

# Main script
main() {
    echo -e "${BOLD}${CYAN}"
    echo "╔══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╗"
    echo "║ mkmaciso – the ultimate tool for creating macOS installer ISO and DMG images ║"
    echo "╚══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╝"
    echo -e "${NC}"
    
    # Check for availble disk space
    check_disk_space
    
    # Require sudo
    check_sudo_access
    
    # Validate image format (default to iso if empty, fallback to dmg if invalid input)
    IMAGE_FORMAT=$(echo "$IMAGE_FORMAT" | tr '[:upper:]' '[:lower:]')
    if [[ -z "$IMAGE_FORMAT" ]]; then
        IMAGE_FORMAT="iso"
    elif [[ "$IMAGE_FORMAT" != "iso" && "$IMAGE_FORMAT" != "dmg" ]]; then
        log_warn "Invalid image format '$IMAGE_FORMAT'; falling back to dmg"
        IMAGE_FORMAT="dmg"
    fi
    
    # Normalize version input
    VERSION=$(echo "$VERSION" | tr '[:upper:]' '[:lower:]' | tr -d '_- ')
    
    # Determine if input is a codename or version number
    VERSION_NUM=""
    VERSION_NAME=""
    
    # Try as version number first, then as codename
    if [[ "$VERSION" =~ ^[0-9]+(\.[0-9]+)?$ ]]; then
        VERSION_NUM="$VERSION"
    else
        VERSION_NUM=$(get_version_number "$VERSION")
    fi

    # Get proper codename (also validates the version number)
    VERSION_NAME=$(get_codename "$VERSION_NUM")

    if [ -z "$VERSION_NAME" ]; then
        log_info "Run with -h or --help for usage"
        echo ""
        log_error "Unknown macOS version: $VERSION"
        log_info "Supported versions: 10.7, 10.8, 10.9, 10.10, 10.11, 10.12, 10.13, 10.14, 10.15, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 26"
        log_info "Supported codenames: lion, mountain-lion, mavericks, yosemite, el-capitan, sierra, high-sierra, mojave, catalina, big-sur, monterey, ventura, sonoma, sequoia, tahoe"
        exit 1
    fi
    
    log_info "Target macOS:${GREEN} $VERSION_NAME ($VERSION_NUM) ${NC}"
    log_info "Image format:${GREEN} $(echo $IMAGE_FORMAT | tr '[:lower:]' '[:upper:]') ${NC}"
    
    # Determine output filename if not specified
    if [ -z "$OUTPUT_PATH" ]; then
        OUTPUT_PATH="$(pwd)/macOS_${VERSION_NAME}.${IMAGE_FORMAT}"
    else
        # Ensure output path has correct extension
        if [[ "$OUTPUT_PATH" != *.$IMAGE_FORMAT ]]; then
            OUTPUT_PATH="${OUTPUT_PATH%.*}.$IMAGE_FORMAT"
        fi
        # Convert to absolute path
        if [[ "$OUTPUT_PATH" != /* ]]; then
            # Use dirname + basename to avoid "./" in the middle
            OUTPUT_PATH="$(cd "$(dirname "$OUTPUT_PATH")" && pwd)/$(basename "$OUTPUT_PATH")"
        fi
    fi
    
    log_info "Output path:${GREEN} $OUTPUT_PATH ${NC}"
    echo ""
    
    # Create work directory
    WORK_DIR=$(mktemp -d -t LongQT-sea)
    log_info "Working directory:${CYAN} $WORK_DIR ${NC}"
    echo ""
    
    # Check if installer already exists
    INSTALLER_PATH=$(echo /Applications/$(get_installer_app_name "$VERSION_NUM").app)
    
    if [ -n "$INSTALLER_PATH" ] && [ -d "$INSTALLER_PATH" ]; then
        log_info "Found existing installer at:${CYAN} $INSTALLER_PATH ${NC}"
        echo ""
    else
        log_info "Installer not found, downloading..."
        
        # Download and install
        if [[ "$VERSION_NUM" =~ ^10\.(7|8|9|10|11|12)$ ]]; then
            # Legacy macOS versions
            download_legacy_macos "$VERSION_NUM"
            install_legacy_app "$VERSION_NUM" "$WORK_DIR/InstallMacOSX.dmg"
        else
            # Modern macOS (10.13 and later)
            download_modern_macos "$VERSION_NUM" || exit 1
        fi
        
        if [ ! -d "$INSTALLER_PATH" ]; then
            log_error "Failed to install macOS installer app"
            exit 1
        fi
    fi
    
    # Get volume name for the installer
    VOLUME_NAME=$(get_installer_app_name "$VERSION_NUM")
    
    if [ "$IMAGE_FORMAT" == "iso" ]; then
        case "$VERSION_NUM" in
            "10.7"|"10.8")
                create_iso_dmg_10_7_10_8 "$INSTALLER_PATH" "$OUTPUT_PATH" "$VOLUME_NAME" "$VERSION_NUM" ;;
            "10.9"|"10.10"|"10.11")
                create_iso_10_9_10_11 "$INSTALLER_PATH" "$OUTPUT_PATH" "$VOLUME_NAME" "$VERSION_NUM" ;;
            *)
                create_iso_10_12_and_later "$INSTALLER_PATH" "$OUTPUT_PATH" "$VERSION_NUM" ;;
        esac
    else
        case "$VERSION_NUM" in
            "10.7"|"10.8")
                create_iso_dmg_10_7_10_8 "$INSTALLER_PATH" "$OUTPUT_PATH" "$VOLUME_NAME" "$VERSION_NUM" ;;
            "10.9")
                create_dmg_10_9_to_10_12_alt_method "$INSTALLER_PATH" "$OUTPUT_PATH" "$VOLUME_NAME" "$VERSION_NUM" ;;
            *)
                create_dmg_10_10_and_later "$INSTALLER_PATH" "$OUTPUT_PATH" "$VERSION_NUM" ;;
        esac
    fi
    
    # Final checks
    if [ -f "$FINAL_OUTPUT_PATH" ]; then
        FILE_SIZE_BYTES=$(stat -f%z "$FINAL_OUTPUT_PATH")
        FILE_SIZE_GB=$(du -h "$FINAL_OUTPUT_PATH" | cut -f1)

        # 4GB in bytes
        MIN_SIZE=4294967296

        if [ "$FILE_SIZE_BYTES" -lt "$MIN_SIZE" ]; then
            log_error "Final image is smaller than 4GB"
            log_error "The file is likely corrupted or incomplete"
            log_warn "Remove corrupted file..."
            rm -f "$FINAL_OUTPUT_PATH"
            exit 1
        fi
        
        echo ""
        log_info "Successfully created installer image!"
        log_info "File: $FINAL_OUTPUT_PATH"
        log_info "Size: $FILE_SIZE_GB"
        echo ""
        
        if [ "$IMAGE_FORMAT" == "iso" ]; then
            log_info "This ISO image is intended for creating macOS virtual machine:"
            log_info "  - Compatible with Proxmox VE, QEMU, VMware, and VirtualBox"
            log_info "  - Add as DVD/CD drive to the VM"
            echo ""
        else
            log_info "This DMG image is intended for:"
            log_info "  - Flash to USB drive using Rufus (Windows) or dd (Linux)"
            log_info "  - Can also be used with virtual machines (requires conversion to .vhd for Hyper-V or .vmdk for VMware)"
            log_info "  - Add to the VM as a virtual hard drive"
            echo ""
        fi
    else
        log_error "Failed to create macOS_${VERSION_NAME}.${IMAGE_FORMAT} image"
        exit 1
    fi
}

# Show usage if -h or --help is passed
if [ "$1" == "--help" ] || [ "$1" == "-h" ]; then
    cat << 'EOF'
╔══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╗"
║ mkmaciso – the ultimate tool for creating macOS installer ISO and DMG images ║"
╚══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╝"

Usage:
  mkmaciso [VERSION] [FORMAT] [OUTPUT_PATH]
  mkmaciso                                     # Interactive mode

Parameters:
  VERSION         macOS version number or codename, e.g. 26 or Tahoe
  FORMAT          iso or dmg (default: iso)
  OUTPUT_PATH     Output file path (default: ./macOS_<version>.<format>)

Supported versions:
  10.7  Lion             10.14  Mojave
  10.8  Mountain Lion    10.15  Catalina
  10.9  Mavericks        11     Big Sur
  10.10 Yosemite         12     Monterey
  10.11 El Capitan       13     Ventura
  10.12 Sierra           14     Sonoma
  10.13 High Sierra      15     Sequoia
                         26     Tahoe

Examples:
  mkmaciso                              Interactive mode
  mkmaciso 14                           Create Sonoma ISO
  mkmaciso 14 dmg                       Create Sonoma DMG
  mkmaciso sonoma dmg ~/Desktop/out.dmg Create Sonoma DMG at specified path

Requirements:
  - macOS 11 (Big Sur) or later for create macOS 10.13+ image
  - Internet connection for downloading installers
  - Sufficient disk space (~20-40GB temporary, final size varies)
  - Administrator privileges (sudo)
  - For best results, run this on Intel Macs
EOF
    exit 0
fi

# Check if running in interactive mode with piped (no parameters)
if [ $# -eq 0 ]; then
    if [ -p /dev/stdin ] || [ ! -t 0 ]; then
        clear
        log_error "Interactive mode unavailable when piped"
        log_info "Usage: curl -sL <URL> | bash -s <VERSION> [FORMAT] [OUTPUT]"
        echo ""
        log_info "Example: curl -sL <URL> | bash -s 26"
        log_info "Example: curl -sL <URL> | bash -s 26 dmg"
        log_info "Example: curl -sL <URL> | bash -s 26 iso ~/Desktop/Tahoe.iso"
        exit 1
    fi
    run_interactive_menu
fi

# Run main function
main