refactor(lang/c): Revise and expand on C/C++ language support section (#298)

* Revise and expand on C/C++ language support section

I tried to define some undefined terms, and verified the commands and their output.

* Update component-model/src/language-support/c.md

Co-authored-by: Victor Adossi <[email protected]>

* Update component-model/src/language-support/c.md

Co-authored-by: Victor Adossi <[email protected]>

* Update component-model/src/language-support/c.md

Co-authored-by: Victor Adossi <[email protected]>

* Update component-model/src/language-support/c.md

Co-authored-by: Victor Adossi <[email protected]>

* Update component-model/src/language-support/c.md

Co-authored-by: Victor Adossi <[email protected]>

* Update component-model/src/language-support/c.md

Co-authored-by: Victor Adossi <[email protected]>

* Update component-model/src/language-support/c.md

Co-authored-by: Victor Adossi <[email protected]>

* Fix markup in NOTE

* Fix backtick spacing

* Update component-model/src/language-support/c.md

Co-authored-by: Victor Adossi <[email protected]>

* Update component-model/src/language-support/c.md

Co-authored-by: Victor Adossi <[email protected]>

* Update component-model/src/language-support/c.md

Co-authored-by: Victor Adossi <[email protected]>

* Update component-model/src/language-support/c.md

Co-authored-by: Victor Adossi <[email protected]>

* Update component-model/src/language-support/c.md

Co-authored-by: Victor Adossi <[email protected]>

* Update component-model/src/language-support/c.md

Co-authored-by: Victor Adossi <[email protected]>

* Update component-model/src/language-support/c.md

Co-authored-by: Victor Adossi <[email protected]>

* Update component-model/src/language-support/c.md

Co-authored-by: Victor Adossi <[email protected]>

* Update component-model/src/language-support/c.md

Co-authored-by: Victor Adossi <[email protected]>

* Update component-model/src/language-support/c.md

Co-authored-by: Victor Adossi <[email protected]>

* Update component-model/src/language-support/c.md

Co-authored-by: Victor Adossi <[email protected]>

* Update component-model/src/language-support/c.md

Co-authored-by: Victor Adossi <[email protected]>

* Update component-model/src/language-support/c.md

Co-authored-by: Victor Adossi <[email protected]>

* Update component-model/src/language-support/c.md

Co-authored-by: Victor Adossi <[email protected]>

* Update component-model/src/language-support/c.md

Co-authored-by: Victor Adossi <[email protected]>

* Update component-model/src/language-support/c.md

Co-authored-by: Victor Adossi <[email protected]>

* Update component-model/src/language-support/c.md

Co-authored-by: Victor Adossi <[email protected]>

* Update component-model/src/language-support/c.md

Co-authored-by: Victor Adossi <[email protected]>

* Update component-model/src/language-support/c.md

Co-authored-by: Victor Adossi <[email protected]>

* Indent note about PATH

* Minor fixes

* Add comment in component_with_printf example

* Fix broken 'Add WASI to Linker' link

* Address review feedback

---------

Co-authored-by: Victor Adossi <[email protected]>

Author: catamorphism

component-model/examples/tutorial/c/adder/component.c

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+#include "adder.h"
+
+uint32_t exports_docs_adder_add_add(uint32_t x, uint32_t y)
+{
+	return x + y;
+}

component-model/examples/tutorial/c/adder/component_with_printf.c

@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+#include "adder.h"
+#include <stdio.h>
+
+uint32_t exports_docs_adder_add_add(uint32_t x, uint32_t y)
+{
+	uint32_t result = x + y;
+        // On traditional platforms, printf() prints to stdout, but on Wasm platforms,
+        // stdout and the idea of printing to an output stream is
+        // introduced and managed by WASI.
+        //
+        // When building this code with wasi-libc (as a part of wasi-sdk), the printf call
+        // below is implemented with code that uses `wasi:cli/stdout` and `wasi:io/streams`.
+	printf("%d", result);
+	return result;
+}