diff --git a/.github/workflows/compilation_on_android_ubuntu.yml b/.github/workflows/compilation_on_android_ubuntu.yml
index 01356dc66e..acaa4d0553 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/compilation_on_android_ubuntu.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/compilation_on_android_ubuntu.yml
@@ -350,7 +350,7 @@ jobs:
         uses: ./.github/actions/install-wasi-sdk-wabt
         with:
           os: ${{ matrix.os }}
-
+      
       - name: Build wamrc
         run: |
           mkdir build && cd build
@@ -361,15 +361,16 @@ jobs:
       - name: Install dependencies for X86_32
         if: matrix.build_target == 'X86_32'
         run: |
+          sudo dpkg --add-architecture i386
           sudo apt-get update
-          sudo apt-get install -y g++-multilib
+          sudo apt-get install -y g++-multilib libzstd-dev:i386 zlib1g-dev:i386
 
       - name: Build and run unit tests
         run: |
           mkdir build && cd build
           cmake .. -DWAMR_BUILD_TARGET=${{ matrix.build_target }}
-          cmake --build . --config Release --parallel 4
-          ctest
+          cmake --build . --parallel 4
+          ctest --output-on-failure
         working-directory: tests/unit
 
   build_regression_tests:
diff --git a/build-scripts/code_coverage.cmake b/build-scripts/code_coverage.cmake
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e122201df0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/build-scripts/code_coverage.cmake
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+# Copyright (C) 2019 Intel Corporation.  All rights reserved.
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+
+function(check_ubuntu_version)
+# ubuntu 2204 is the recommended environment for collecting coverage data for now
+# otherwise, there will be ERRORs, when using 2404, like below and
+#
+# geninfo: ERROR: ('mismatch') mismatched end line for _ZN63compilation_aot_emit_memory_test_aot_check_memory_overflow_Test8TestBodyEv at /workspaces/wasm-micro-runtime/tests/unit/compilation/aot_emit_memory_test.cc:96: 96 -> 106
+#        (use "geninfo --ignore-errors mismatch,mismatch ..." to suppress this warning)
+# geninfo: ERROR: ('negative') Unexpected negative count '-3' for /workspaces/wasm-micro-runtime/core/iwasm/interpreter/wasm_interp_classic.c:5473.
+#        Perhaps you need to compile with '-fprofile-update=atomic
+#        (use "geninfo --ignore-errors negative,negative ..." to suppress this warning)
+#
+# For sure, `--ignore-errors` can be used to ignore these errors, but better to use the recommended environment.
+    file(READ "/etc/os-release" OS_RELEASE_CONTENT)
+    string(REGEX MATCH "VERSION_ID=\"([0-9]+)\\.([0-9]+)\"" _ ${OS_RELEASE_CONTENT})
+    if(NOT DEFINED CMAKE_MATCH_1 OR NOT DEFINED CMAKE_MATCH_2)
+        message(WARNING "Unable to detect Ubuntu version. Please ensure you are using Ubuntu 22.04.")
+        return()
+    endif()
+
+    set(UBUNTU_MAJOR_VERSION ${CMAKE_MATCH_1})
+    set(UBUNTU_MINOR_VERSION ${CMAKE_MATCH_2})
+
+    if(NOT (UBUNTU_MAJOR_VERSION EQUAL 22 AND UBUNTU_MINOR_VERSION EQUAL 04))
+        message(WARNING "Ubuntu ${UBUNTU_MAJOR_VERSION}.${UBUNTU_MINOR_VERSION} detected. Ubuntu 22.04 is recommended for collecting coverage data.")
+    else()
+        message(STATUS "Ubuntu 22.04 detected. Proceeding with coverage data collection.")
+    endif()
+endfunction()
+
+check_ubuntu_version()
+
+# add compile options for code coverage globally
+add_compile_options(--coverage -O0 -g)
+link_libraries(gcov)
+add_definitions (-DCOLLECT_CODE_COVERAGE)
diff --git a/build-scripts/config_common.cmake b/build-scripts/config_common.cmake
index 52c6d94afa..c087a0e673 100644
--- a/build-scripts/config_common.cmake
+++ b/build-scripts/config_common.cmake
@@ -640,9 +640,7 @@ if (WAMR_BUILD_GC_HEAP_VERIFY EQUAL 1)
   message ("     GC heap verification enabled")
 endif ()
 if ("$ENV{COLLECT_CODE_COVERAGE}" STREQUAL "1" OR COLLECT_CODE_COVERAGE EQUAL 1)
-  set (CMAKE_C_FLAGS "${CMAKE_C_FLAGS} -fprofile-arcs -ftest-coverage")
-  set (CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS "${CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS} -fprofile-arcs -ftest-coverage")
-  add_definitions (-DCOLLECT_CODE_COVERAGE)
+  include(${CMAKE_CURRENT_LIST_DIR}/code_coverage.cmake)
   message ("     Collect code coverage enabled")
 endif ()
 if (WAMR_BUILD_STATIC_PGO EQUAL 1)
diff --git a/tests/unit/CMakeLists.txt b/tests/unit/CMakeLists.txt
index b726f83a12..9c641049b4 100644
--- a/tests/unit/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/tests/unit/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -30,13 +30,8 @@ if(WAMR_BUILD_TARGET STREQUAL "X86_32")
   set(CMAKE_LIBRARY_ARCHITECTURE "i386-linux-gnu" CACHE STRING "" FORCE)
 endif()
 
-# Prevent overriding the parent project's compiler/linker
-# settings on Windows
-set(gtest_force_shared_crt ON CACHE BOOL "" FORCE)
-
 # Fetch Google test
 include (FetchContent)
-
 if(${CMAKE_VERSION} VERSION_GREATER_EQUAL "3.24")
   FetchContent_Declare (
     googletest
@@ -50,10 +45,11 @@ else()
   )
 endif()
 
+# Prevent overriding the parent project's compiler/linker
+# settings on Windows
+set(gtest_force_shared_crt ON CACHE BOOL "" FORCE)
 FetchContent_MakeAvailable(googletest)
 
-SET(GOOGLETEST_INCLUDED 1)
-
 include(GoogleTest)
 enable_testing()
 
@@ -64,12 +60,13 @@ add_subdirectory(libc-builtin)
 add_subdirectory(shared-utils)
 add_subdirectory(linear-memory-wasm)
 add_subdirectory(linear-memory-aot)
-add_subdirectory(aot-stack-frame)
 add_subdirectory(linux-perf)
 add_subdirectory(gc)
 add_subdirectory(tid-allocator)
 
 if (NOT WAMR_BUILD_TARGET STREQUAL "X86_32")
+  add_subdirectory(aot-stack-frame)
+
   # should enable 32-bit llvm when X86_32
   add_subdirectory (aot)
   add_subdirectory (custom-section)
diff --git a/tests/unit/README.md b/tests/unit/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..1bacbb40d5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/unit/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,194 @@
+# Guide to Creating a Test Suite for a New Feature in WAMR
+
+This guide provides instructions for contributors on how to create a test suite for a new feature in the WAMR project. Follow these steps to ensure consistency and maintainability across the test framework.
+
+---
+
+## General Guidelines
+
+- **Create a New Directory**:
+  Always create a dedicated directory for a new feature under the `tests/unit/` directory.
+
+  - Reuse existing test cases and patch them when possible to avoid redundancy.
+  - Name the directory in lowercase with words separated by hyphens (e.g., `new-feature`).
+
+- **Avoid Committing `.wasm` Files**:
+  Do not commit precompiled `.wasm` files. Instead:
+
+  - Generate `.wasm` files from `.wat` or `.c` source files.
+  - Use `ExternalProject` and the `wasi-sdk` toolchain to compile `.wasm` files during the build process.
+
+- **Keep Using `ctest` as the framework**:
+  Continue to use `ctest` for running the test cases, as it is already integrated into the existing test framework.
+
+---
+
+## Writing `CMakeLists.txt` for the Test Suite
+
+When creating a `CMakeLists.txt` file for your test suite, follow these best practices:
+
+1. **Do Not Fetch Googletest Again**:
+   The root `unit/CMakeLists.txt` already fetches Googletest. Avoid including or fetching it again in your test suite.
+
+2. **Find LLVM on Demand**:
+   If your test suite requires LLVM, use `find_package` to locate LLVM components as needed. Do not include LLVM globally unless required.
+
+3. **Include `unit_common.cmake`**:
+   Always include `../unit_common.cmake` in your `CMakeLists.txt` to avoid duplicating common configurations and utilities.
+
+   Example:
+
+   ```cmake
+   include("../unit_common.cmake")
+   ```
+
+4. **Use `WAMR_RUNTIME_LIB_SOURCE`**:
+   Replace long lists of runtime source files with the `WAMR_RUNTIME_LIB_SOURCE` variable to simplify your configuration.
+
+   Example:
+
+   ```cmake
+   target_sources(your_test_target PRIVATE ${WAMR_RUNTIME_LIB_SOURCE})
+   ```
+
+5. **Avoid Global Compilation Flags**:
+   Do not define global compilation flags in the `unit` directory. Each test case should specify its own compilation flags based on its unique requirements.
+
+---
+
+## Generating `.wasm` Files
+
+- **Compile `.wasm` Files Dynamically**:
+  Use `ExternalProject` in your `CMakeLists.txt` to compile `.wasm` files from `.wat` or `.c` source files.
+  - Use the `wasi-sdk` toolchain for `.c` or `.cc` source files.
+  - Example configuration:
+    ```cmake
+    ExternalProject_Add(
+        generate_wasm
+        SOURCE_DIR ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/wasm-apps
+        BUILD_ALWAYS YES
+        CONFIGURE_COMMAND  ${CMAKE_COMMAND} -S ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/wasm-apps -B build
+                              -DWASI_SDK_PREFIX=${WASI_SDK_DIR}
+                              -DCMAKE_TOOLCHAIN_FILE=${WASISDK_TOOLCHAIN}
+        BUILD_COMMAND      ${CMAKE_COMMAND} --build build
+        INSTALL_COMMAND    ${CMAKE_COMMAND} --install build --prefix ${CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR}/wasm-apps
+    )
+    ```
+- **Example for `wasm-apps` Directory**:
+  Place your source files in a `wasm-apps/` subdirectory within your test suite directory.
+
+  - Create a `CMakeLists.txt` in `wasm-apps/` to handle the compilation of these files.
+  - Example `CMakeLists.txt` for `wasm-apps/`:
+
+    ```cmake
+    cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.13)
+    project(wasm_apps)
+
+    add_executable(example example.c)
+    set_target_properties(example PROPERTIES SUFFIX .wasm)
+    install(TARGETS example DESTINATION .)
+    ```
+
+---
+
+## Compiling and Running Test Cases
+
+To compile and run the test cases, follow these steps:
+
+1. **Generate Build Files**:
+
+   ```bash
+   cmake -S . -B build
+   ```
+
+2. **Build the Test Suite**:
+
+   ```bash
+   cmake --build build
+   ```
+
+3. **Run the Tests**:
+
+   ```bash
+   ctest --test-dir build --output-on-failure
+   ```
+
+   This will compile and execute all test cases in the test suite, displaying detailed output for any failures.
+
+4. **List all Tests**:
+   To see all available test cases, use:
+
+   ```bash
+   ctest --test-dir build -N
+   ```
+
+5. **Run a Specific Test**:
+   To run a specific test case, use:
+   ```bash
+   ctest --test-dir build -R <test_name> --output-on-failure
+   ```
+
+---
+
+## Collecting Code Coverage Data
+
+To collect code coverage data using `lcov`, follow these steps:
+
+1. **Build with Coverage Flags**:
+   Ensure the test suite is built with coverage flags enabled:
+
+   ```bash
+   cmake -S . -B build -DCOLLECT_CODE_COVERAGE=1
+   cmake --build build
+   ```
+
+2. **Run the Tests**:
+   Execute the test cases as described above.
+
+3. **Generate Coverage Report**:
+   Use `lcov` to collect and generate the coverage report:
+
+   ```bash
+   lcov --capture --directory build --output-file coverage.all.info
+   lcov --extract coverage.all.info "*/core/iwasm/*" "*/core/shared/*" --output-file coverage.info
+   genhtml coverage.info --output-directory coverage-report
+   ```
+
+4. **View the Report**:
+   Open the `index.html` file in the `coverage-report` directory to view the coverage results in your browser.
+
+5. **Summary of Coverage**:
+   To get a summary of the coverage data, use:
+
+   ```bash
+   lcov --summary coverage.info
+   ```
+
+---
+
+## Example Directory Structure
+
+Here’s an example of how your test suite directory might look:
+
+```
+new-feature/
+├── CMakeLists.txt
+├── new_feature_test.cc
+├── wasm-apps/
+|   ├── CMakeLists.txt
+│   ├── example.c
+│   └── example.wat
+```
+
+---
+
+## Additional Notes
+
+- **Testing Framework**: Use Googletest for writing unit tests. Refer to existing test cases in the `tests/unit/` directory for examples.
+- **Documentation**: Add comments in your test code to explain the purpose of each test case.
+- **Edge Cases**: Ensure your test suite covers edge cases and potential failure scenarios.
+- **Reuse Utilities**: Leverage existing utilities in `common/` (e.g., `mock_allocator.h`, `test_helper.h`) to simplify your test code.
+
+---
+
+By following these guidelines, you can create a well-structured and maintainable test suite that integrates seamlessly with the WAMR testing framework.
diff --git a/tests/unit/aot-stack-frame/CMakeLists.txt b/tests/unit/aot-stack-frame/CMakeLists.txt
index 90a61aea76..b20bb67b9a 100644
--- a/tests/unit/aot-stack-frame/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/tests/unit/aot-stack-frame/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ project (test-aot-stack-frame)
 add_definitions (-DRUN_ON_LINUX)
 
 set (WAMR_BUILD_AOT 1)
-set (WAMR_BUILD_INTERP 0)
+set (WAMR_BUILD_INTERP 1)
 set (WAMR_BUILD_JIT 0)
 set (WAMR_BUILD_SIMD 1)
 set (WAMR_BUILD_REF_TYPES 1)
@@ -21,6 +21,10 @@ set (WAMR_BUILD_GC 1)
 
 include (../unit_common.cmake)
 
+find_package(LLVM REQUIRED CONFIG)
+include_directories(${LLVM_INCLUDE_DIRS})
+add_definitions(${LLVM_DEFINITIONS})
+
 include_directories (${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR})
 
 add_definitions (-DWASM_ENABLE_AOT_STACK_FRAME=1)
@@ -32,22 +36,10 @@ file (GLOB_RECURSE source_all ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/*.cc)
 set (UNIT_SOURCE ${source_all})
 
 set (unit_test_sources
-        ${UNIT_SOURCE}
-        ${WAMR_RUNTIME_LIB_SOURCE}
-        ${UNCOMMON_SHARED_SOURCE}
-        ${SRC_LIST}
-        ${PLATFORM_SHARED_SOURCE}
-        ${UTILS_SHARED_SOURCE}
-        ${MEM_ALLOC_SHARED_SOURCE}
-        ${LIB_HOST_AGENT_SOURCE}
-        ${NATIVE_INTERFACE_SOURCE}
-        ${LIBC_BUILTIN_SOURCE}
-        ${IWASM_COMMON_SOURCE}
-        ${IWASM_INTERP_SOURCE}
-        ${IWASM_AOT_SOURCE}
-        ${IWASM_COMPL_SOURCE}
-        ${WASM_APP_LIB_SOURCE_ALL}
-    )
+  ${UNIT_SOURCE}
+  ${WAMR_RUNTIME_LIB_SOURCE}
+  ${IWASM_COMPL_SOURCE}
+)
 
 # Automatically build wasm-apps for this test
 add_subdirectory(wasm-apps)
@@ -59,4 +51,4 @@ add_dependencies (aot_stack_frame_test aot-stack-frame-test-wasm)
 
 target_link_libraries (aot_stack_frame_test ${LLVM_AVAILABLE_LIBS} gtest_main )
 
-#gtest_discover_tests(aot_stack_frame_test)
\ No newline at end of file
+gtest_discover_tests(aot_stack_frame_test)
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/unit/aot/CMakeLists.txt b/tests/unit/aot/CMakeLists.txt
index bb2216bddf..e45d4c0032 100644
--- a/tests/unit/aot/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/tests/unit/aot/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -13,21 +13,18 @@ add_definitions (-DWASM_ENABLE_WAMR_COMPILER=1)
 add_definitions (-DWASM_ENABLE_DUMP_CALL_STACK=1)
 add_definitions (-DWASM_ENABLE_AOT_STACK_FRAME=1)
 
+set (WAMR_BUILD_AOT 1)
+set (WAMR_BUILD_FAST_INTERP 0)
+set (WAMR_BUILD_INTERP 1)
+set (WAMR_BUILD_JIT 0)
 set (WAMR_BUILD_LIBC_WASI 0)
-set (WAMR_BUILD_APP_FRAMEWORK 1)
+set (WAMR_BUILD_APP_FRAMEWORK 0)
 
 include (../unit_common.cmake)
 
-set (LLVM_SRC_ROOT "${WAMR_ROOT_DIR}/core/deps/llvm")
-if (NOT EXISTS "${LLVM_SRC_ROOT}/build")
-  message (FATAL_ERROR "Cannot find LLVM dir: ${LLVM_SRC_ROOT}/build")
-endif ()
-set (CMAKE_PREFIX_PATH "${LLVM_SRC_ROOT}/build;${CMAKE_PREFIX_PATH}")
 find_package(LLVM REQUIRED CONFIG)
 include_directories(${LLVM_INCLUDE_DIRS})
 add_definitions(${LLVM_DEFINITIONS})
-message(STATUS "Found LLVM ${LLVM_PACKAGE_VERSION}")
-message(STATUS "Using LLVMConfig.cmake in: ${LLVM_DIR}")
 
 include (${IWASM_DIR}/compilation/iwasm_compl.cmake)
 
@@ -39,16 +36,9 @@ set (UNIT_SOURCE ${source_all})
 
 set (unit_test_sources
      ${UNIT_SOURCE}
-     ${PLATFORM_SHARED_SOURCE}
-     ${UTILS_SHARED_SOURCE}
-     ${MEM_ALLOC_SHARED_SOURCE}
-     ${NATIVE_INTERFACE_SOURCE}
-     ${LIBC_BUILTIN_SOURCE}
-     ${IWASM_COMMON_SOURCE}
-     ${IWASM_INTERP_SOURCE}
-     ${IWASM_AOT_SOURCE}
+     ${WAMR_RUNTIME_LIB_SOURCE}
      ${IWASM_COMPL_SOURCE}
-    )
+)
 
 # Now simply link against gtest or gtest_main as needed. Eg
 add_executable (aot_test ${unit_test_sources})
diff --git a/tests/unit/compilation/CMakeLists.txt b/tests/unit/compilation/CMakeLists.txt
index 65a9dfbdaa..f6912122d9 100644
--- a/tests/unit/compilation/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/tests/unit/compilation/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -14,22 +14,20 @@ add_definitions (-DWASM_ENABLE_DUMP_CALL_STACK=1)
 add_definitions (-DWASM_ENABLE_AOT_STACK_FRAME=1)
 
 set (WAMR_BUILD_LIBC_WASI 0)
+set (WAMR_BUILD_LIBC_BUILTIN 1)
+set (WAMR_BUILD_MULTI_MODULE 1)
 set (WAMR_BUILD_APP_FRAMEWORK 0)
 set (WAMR_BUILD_THREAD_MGR 1)
 set (WAMR_BUILD_AOT 1)
+set (WAMR_BUILD_FAST_INTERP 0)
+set (WAMR_BUILD_INTERP 1)
+set (WAMR_BUILD_JIT 0)
 
 include (../unit_common.cmake)
 
-set (LLVM_SRC_ROOT "${WAMR_ROOT_DIR}/core/deps/llvm")
-if (NOT EXISTS "${LLVM_SRC_ROOT}/build")
-  message (FATAL_ERROR "Cannot find LLVM dir: ${LLVM_SRC_ROOT}/build")
-endif ()
-set (CMAKE_PREFIX_PATH "${LLVM_SRC_ROOT}/build;${CMAKE_PREFIX_PATH}")
 find_package(LLVM REQUIRED CONFIG)
 include_directories(${LLVM_INCLUDE_DIRS})
 add_definitions(${LLVM_DEFINITIONS})
-message(STATUS "Found LLVM ${LLVM_PACKAGE_VERSION}")
-message(STATUS "Using LLVMConfig.cmake in: ${LLVM_DIR}")
 
 include (${IWASM_DIR}/compilation/iwasm_compl.cmake)
 
@@ -40,22 +38,11 @@ file (GLOB_RECURSE source_all ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/*.cc)
 set (UNIT_SOURCE ${source_all})
 
 set (unit_test_sources
-     ${UNIT_SOURCE}
-     ${WAMR_RUNTIME_LIB_SOURCE}
-     ${UNCOMMON_SHARED_SOURCE}
-     ${SRC_LIST}
-     ${PLATFORM_SHARED_SOURCE}
-     ${UTILS_SHARED_SOURCE}
-     ${MEM_ALLOC_SHARED_SOURCE}
-     ${LIB_HOST_AGENT_SOURCE}
-     ${NATIVE_INTERFACE_SOURCE}
-     ${LIBC_BUILTIN_SOURCE}
-     ${IWASM_COMMON_SOURCE}
-     ${IWASM_INTERP_SOURCE}
-     ${IWASM_AOT_SOURCE}
-     ${IWASM_COMPL_SOURCE}
-     ${WASM_APP_LIB_SOURCE_ALL}
-    )
+  ${UNIT_SOURCE}
+  ${WAMR_RUNTIME_LIB_SOURCE}
+  ${IWASM_COMPL_SOURCE}
+  ${UNCOMMON_SHARED_SOURCE}   
+)
 
 # Now simply link against gtest or gtest_main as needed. Eg
 add_executable (compilation_test ${unit_test_sources})
diff --git a/tests/unit/custom-section/CMakeLists.txt b/tests/unit/custom-section/CMakeLists.txt
index 747a8b1263..b57fb8bffb 100644
--- a/tests/unit/custom-section/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/tests/unit/custom-section/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -2,16 +2,31 @@
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
 
 cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.14)
-
 project (test-custom-section)
 
+set(WASI_SDK_DIR "/opt/wasi-sdk")
+set(WASISDK_TOOLCHAIN "${WASI_SDK_DIR}/share/cmake/wasi-sdk.cmake")
+
+include(ExternalProject)
+ExternalProject_Add(
+  custom-section-test-wasm-apps
+  SOURCE_DIR ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/wasm-apps
+  BUILD_ALWAYS YES
+  CONFIGURE_COMMAND ${CMAKE_COMMAND} -S ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/wasm-apps -B build
+                      -DWASI_SDK_PREFIX=${WASI_SDK_DIR}
+                      -DCMAKE_TOOLCHAIN_FILE=${WASISDK_TOOLCHAIN}
+  BUILD_COMMAND     ${CMAKE_COMMAND} --build build
+  INSTALL_COMMAND   ${CMAKE_COMMAND} --install build --prefix ${CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR}/wasm-apps
+)
+
 add_definitions (-DRUN_ON_LINUX)
 
 set (WAMR_BUILD_LIBC_WASI 0)
 set (WAMR_BUILD_LIBC_BUILTIN 0)
-set (WAMR_BUILD_JIT 0)
-set (WAMR_BUILD_LAZY_JIT 0)
 set (WAMR_BUILD_AOT 1)
+set (WAMR_BUILD_FAST_INTERP 0)
+set (WAMR_BUILD_INTERP 1)
+set (WAMR_BUILD_JIT 0)
 
 add_definitions(-DWASM_ENABLE_WAMR_COMPILER=1)
 add_definitions (-DWASM_ENABLE_DUMP_CALL_STACK=1)
@@ -22,16 +37,9 @@ set (WAMR_BUILD_LOAD_CUSTOM_SECTION 1)
 
 include (../unit_common.cmake)
 
-set (LLVM_SRC_ROOT "${WAMR_ROOT_DIR}/core/deps/llvm")
-if (NOT EXISTS "${LLVM_SRC_ROOT}/build")
-  message (FATAL_ERROR "Cannot find LLVM dir: ${LLVM_SRC_ROOT}/build")
-endif ()
-set (CMAKE_PREFIX_PATH "${LLVM_SRC_ROOT}/build;${CMAKE_PREFIX_PATH}")
 find_package(LLVM REQUIRED CONFIG)
 include_directories(${LLVM_INCLUDE_DIRS})
 add_definitions(${LLVM_DEFINITIONS})
-message(STATUS "Found LLVM ${LLVM_PACKAGE_VERSION}")
-message(STATUS "Using LLVMConfig.cmake in: ${LLVM_DIR}")
 
 include (${IWASM_DIR}/compilation/iwasm_compl.cmake)
 
@@ -42,20 +50,10 @@ file (GLOB_RECURSE source_all ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/*.cc)
 set (UNIT_SOURCE ${source_all})
 
 set (unit_test_sources
-     ${UNIT_SOURCE}
-     ${PLATFORM_SHARED_SOURCE}
-     ${UTILS_SHARED_SOURCE}
-     ${MEM_ALLOC_SHARED_SOURCE}
-     ${NATIVE_INTERFACE_SOURCE}
-     ${IWASM_COMMON_SOURCE}
-     ${IWASM_INTERP_SOURCE}
-     ${IWASM_AOT_SOURCE}
-     ${IWASM_COMPL_SOURCE}
-     ${WASM_APP_LIB_SOURCE_ALL}
-    )
-
-# Automatically build wasm-apps for this test
-add_subdirectory(wasm-apps)
+  ${UNIT_SOURCE}
+  ${WAMR_RUNTIME_LIB_SOURCE}
+  ${IWASM_COMPL_SOURCE}
+)
 
 # Now simply link against gtest or gtest_main as needed. Eg
 add_executable (custom_section_test ${unit_test_sources})
diff --git a/tests/unit/custom-section/wasm-apps/CMakeLists.txt b/tests/unit/custom-section/wasm-apps/CMakeLists.txt
index 6455db554d..6f80d6968a 100644
--- a/tests/unit/custom-section/wasm-apps/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/tests/unit/custom-section/wasm-apps/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -2,13 +2,20 @@
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
 
 cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.14)
+project(wasm-apps)
 
-project(wasm-apps-custom-section)
+add_executable(app.wasm app.c)
+target_compile_options(app.wasm PUBLIC -g -nostdlib)
+target_link_options(app.wasm PRIVATE
+  -nostdlib
+  LINKER:--allow-undefined
+  LINKER:--export-all
+  LINKER:--no-entry
+)
 
-# Add -g option so there will be debugger related custom sections
-add_custom_target(app.wasm ALL
-    COMMAND /opt/wasi-sdk/bin/clang -g -nostdlib
-            -Wl,--no-entry,--export-all
-            -o ${CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR}/app.wasm
-            ${CMAKE_CURRENT_LIST_DIR}/app.c
+# install .wasm
+set(
+  WASM_FILES
+  ${CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR}/app.wasm
 )
+install(FILES ${WASM_FILES} DESTINATION .)
diff --git a/tests/unit/gc/CMakeLists.txt b/tests/unit/gc/CMakeLists.txt
index 6d9670dfe5..c8b865a384 100644
--- a/tests/unit/gc/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/tests/unit/gc/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -21,21 +21,9 @@ file (GLOB_RECURSE source_all ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/*.cc)
 set (UNIT_SOURCE ${source_all})
 
 set (unit_test_sources
-    ${UNIT_SOURCE}
-    ${WAMR_RUNTIME_LIB_SOURCE}
-    ${UNCOMMON_SHARED_SOURCE}
-    ${SRC_LIST}
-    ${PLATFORM_SHARED_SOURCE}
-    ${UTILS_SHARED_SOURCE}
-    ${MEM_ALLOC_SHARED_SOURCE}
-    ${LIB_HOST_AGENT_SOURCE}
-    ${NATIVE_INTERFACE_SOURCE}
-    ${LIBC_BUILTIN_SOURCE}
-    ${IWASM_COMMON_SOURCE}
-    ${IWASM_INTERP_SOURCE}
-    ${IWASM_AOT_SOURCE}
-    ${IWASM_COMPL_SOURCE}
-    ${WASM_APP_LIB_SOURCE_ALL}
+  ${UNIT_SOURCE}
+  ${WAMR_RUNTIME_LIB_SOURCE}
+  ${UNCOMMON_SHARED_SOURCE}   
 )
 
 add_executable (gc_test ${unit_test_sources})
@@ -48,4 +36,4 @@ add_custom_command(TARGET gc_test POST_BUILD
   COMMENT "Copy wasm files to directory ${CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR}"
 )
 
-#gtest_discover_tests(gc_test)
\ No newline at end of file
+gtest_discover_tests(gc_test)
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/unit/interpreter/CMakeLists.txt b/tests/unit/interpreter/CMakeLists.txt
index f0a1d5e22a..ef65e443f7 100644
--- a/tests/unit/interpreter/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/tests/unit/interpreter/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -11,9 +11,12 @@ add_definitions (-Dattr_container_malloc=malloc)
 add_definitions (-Dattr_container_free=free)
 # add_definitions (-DWASM_ENABLE_WAMR_COMPILER=1)
 
+set(WAMR_BUILD_AOT 0)
+set(WAMR_BUILD_FAST_INTERP 0)
+set(WAMR_BUILD_INTERP 1)
+set(WAMR_BUILD_JIT 0)
 set (WAMR_BUILD_LIBC_WASI 0)
 set (WAMR_BUILD_APP_FRAMEWORK 1)
-set (WAMR_BUILD_AOT 0)
 
 include (../unit_common.cmake)
 
@@ -24,19 +27,13 @@ file (GLOB_RECURSE source_all ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/*.cc)
 set (UNIT_SOURCE ${source_all})
 
 set (unit_test_sources
-     ${UNIT_SOURCE}
-     ${PLATFORM_SHARED_SOURCE}
-     ${UTILS_SHARED_SOURCE}
-     ${MEM_ALLOC_SHARED_SOURCE}
-     ${NATIVE_INTERFACE_SOURCE}
-     ${LIBC_BUILTIN_SOURCE}
-     ${IWASM_COMMON_SOURCE}
-     ${IWASM_INTERP_SOURCE}
-    )
+  ${UNIT_SOURCE}
+  ${WAMR_RUNTIME_LIB_SOURCE}
+)
 
 # Now simply link against gtest or gtest_main as needed. Eg
 add_executable (interpreter_test ${unit_test_sources})
 
-target_link_libraries (interpreter_test ${LLVM_AVAILABLE_LIBS} gtest_main )
+target_link_libraries (interpreter_test gtest_main )
 
 gtest_discover_tests(interpreter_test)
diff --git a/tests/unit/libc-builtin/CMakeLists.txt b/tests/unit/libc-builtin/CMakeLists.txt
index f39ed44444..789018c3bc 100644
--- a/tests/unit/libc-builtin/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/tests/unit/libc-builtin/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -7,10 +7,15 @@ project (test-libc-builtin)
 
 add_definitions (-DRUN_ON_LINUX)
 
-set (CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS "${CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS}")
-
+set (WAMR_BUILD_AOT 0)
+set (WAMR_BUILD_FAST_INTERP 0)
+set (WAMR_BUILD_INTERP 1)
+set (WAMR_BUILD_JIT 0)
+set (WAMR_BUILD_LIBC_BUILTIN 1)
 set (WAMR_BUILD_LIBC_WASI 0)
 set (WAMR_BUILD_APP_FRAMEWORK 0)
+# FIXME: if removed, LibcBuiltinTest.calloc will be failed
+set (WAMR_BUILD_MULTI_MODULE 1)
 
 include (../unit_common.cmake)
 
@@ -21,9 +26,9 @@ file (GLOB_RECURSE source_all ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/*.cc)
 set (UNIT_SOURCE ${source_all})
 
 set (unit_test_sources
-     ${UNIT_SOURCE}
-     ${WAMR_RUNTIME_LIB_SOURCE}
-    )
+  ${UNIT_SOURCE}
+  ${WAMR_RUNTIME_LIB_SOURCE}
+)
 
 add_executable (libc_builtin_test ${unit_test_sources})
 
diff --git a/tests/unit/linear-memory-aot/CMakeLists.txt b/tests/unit/linear-memory-aot/CMakeLists.txt
index 02e96c6d10..b76881f7f3 100644
--- a/tests/unit/linear-memory-aot/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/tests/unit/linear-memory-aot/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ set (WAMR_BUILD_APP_FRAMEWORK 0)
 set (WAMR_BUILD_MEMORY_PROFILING 1)
 set (WAMR_BUILD_INTERP 0)
 set (WAMR_BUILD_AOT 1)
+set (WAMR_BUILD_FAST_INTERP 0)
 
 include (../unit_common.cmake)
 
@@ -22,21 +23,10 @@ file (GLOB_RECURSE source_all ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/*.cc)
 set (UNIT_SOURCE ${source_all})
 
 set (unit_test_sources
-    ${UNIT_SOURCE}
-    ${WAMR_RUNTIME_LIB_SOURCE}
-    ${UNCOMMON_SHARED_SOURCE}
-    ${SRC_LIST}
-    ${PLATFORM_SHARED_SOURCE}
-    ${UTILS_SHARED_SOURCE}
-    ${MEM_ALLOC_SHARED_SOURCE}
-    ${LIB_HOST_AGENT_SOURCE}
-    ${NATIVE_INTERFACE_SOURCE}
-    ${LIBC_BUILTIN_SOURCE}
-    ${IWASM_COMMON_SOURCE}
-    ${IWASM_INTERP_SOURCE}
-    ${IWASM_AOT_SOURCE}
-    ${IWASM_COMPL_SOURCE}
-    ${WASM_APP_LIB_SOURCE_ALL}
+  ${UNIT_SOURCE}
+  ${WAMR_RUNTIME_LIB_SOURCE}
+  ${UNCOMMON_SHARED_SOURCE}
+  ${IWASM_COMPL_SOURCE}
 )
 
 # Test case: .aot file with hardware bound check.
diff --git a/tests/unit/linear-memory-wasm/CMakeLists.txt b/tests/unit/linear-memory-wasm/CMakeLists.txt
index a899b8fbe4..084d0c0942 100644
--- a/tests/unit/linear-memory-wasm/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/tests/unit/linear-memory-wasm/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -25,18 +25,6 @@ set (unit_test_sources
     ${UNIT_SOURCE}
     ${WAMR_RUNTIME_LIB_SOURCE}
     ${UNCOMMON_SHARED_SOURCE}
-    ${SRC_LIST}
-    ${PLATFORM_SHARED_SOURCE}
-    ${UTILS_SHARED_SOURCE}
-    ${MEM_ALLOC_SHARED_SOURCE}
-    ${LIB_HOST_AGENT_SOURCE}
-    ${NATIVE_INTERFACE_SOURCE}
-    ${LIBC_BUILTIN_SOURCE}
-    ${IWASM_COMMON_SOURCE}
-    ${IWASM_INTERP_SOURCE}
-    ${IWASM_AOT_SOURCE}
-    ${IWASM_COMPL_SOURCE}
-    ${WASM_APP_LIB_SOURCE_ALL}
 )
 
 # Test case: .wasm file with hardware bound check.
diff --git a/tests/unit/linux-perf/CMakeLists.txt b/tests/unit/linux-perf/CMakeLists.txt
index 572a087050..e5e2d56921 100644
--- a/tests/unit/linux-perf/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/tests/unit/linux-perf/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -10,8 +10,9 @@ add_definitions (-DRUN_ON_LINUX)
 set (WAMR_BUILD_LIBC_WASI 0)
 set (WAMR_BUILD_LIBC_BUILTIN 0)
 set (WAMR_BUILD_JIT 0)
-set (WAMR_BUILD_LAZY_JIT 0)
 set (WAMR_BUILD_AOT 1)
+set (WAMR_BUILD_FAST_INTERP 0)
+set (WAMR_BUILD_INTERP 1)
 set (WAMR_BUILD_MULTI_MODULE 0)
 set (WAMR_BUILD_LINUX_PERF 1)
 
@@ -22,22 +23,15 @@ set (WAMR_BUILD_DUMP_CALL_STACK 1)
 
 include (../unit_common.cmake)
 
-set (LLVM_SRC_ROOT "${WAMR_ROOT_DIR}/core/deps/llvm")
-if (NOT EXISTS "${LLVM_SRC_ROOT}/build")
-  message (FATAL_ERROR "Cannot find LLVM dir: ${LLVM_SRC_ROOT}/build")
-endif ()
-set (CMAKE_PREFIX_PATH "${LLVM_SRC_ROOT}/build;${CMAKE_PREFIX_PATH}")
 find_package(LLVM REQUIRED CONFIG)
 include_directories(${LLVM_INCLUDE_DIRS})
 add_definitions(${LLVM_DEFINITIONS})
-message(STATUS "Found LLVM ${LLVM_PACKAGE_VERSION}")
-message(STATUS "Using LLVMConfig.cmake in: ${LLVM_DIR}")
 
 include (${IWASM_DIR}/compilation/iwasm_compl.cmake)
 
 add_executable (linux_perf_test test_sort_func_ptrs.cc)
 target_compile_options(linux_perf_test PUBLIC -fpermissive)
-target_link_libraries(linux_perf_test gtest_main )
+target_link_libraries(linux_perf_test ${LLVM_AVAILABLE_LIBS} gtest_main )
 target_link_options(linux_perf_test
   PUBLIC
     LINKER:--unresolved-symbols=ignore-all
diff --git a/tests/unit/memory64/CMakeLists.txt b/tests/unit/memory64/CMakeLists.txt
index f3629a7c40..b19c9d9cfa 100644
--- a/tests/unit/memory64/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/tests/unit/memory64/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -22,20 +22,9 @@ set(WAMR_BUILD_SHARED_MEMORY 1)
 # include(GoogleTest)
 include(../unit_common.cmake)
 
-set(LLVM_SRC_ROOT "${WAMR_ROOT_DIR}/core/deps/llvm")
-
-if (NOT EXISTS "${LLVM_SRC_ROOT}/build")
-    message(FATAL_ERROR "Cannot find LLVM dir: ${LLVM_SRC_ROOT}/build")
-endif ()
-
-set(CMAKE_PREFIX_PATH "${LLVM_SRC_ROOT}/build;${CMAKE_PREFIX_PATH}")
 find_package(LLVM REQUIRED CONFIG)
 include_directories(${LLVM_INCLUDE_DIRS})
 add_definitions(${LLVM_DEFINITIONS})
-message(STATUS "Found LLVM ${LLVM_PACKAGE_VERSION}")
-message(STATUS "Using LLVMConfig.cmake in: ${LLVM_DIR}")
-
-include(${IWASM_DIR}/compilation/iwasm_compl.cmake)
 
 include_directories(${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR})
 
@@ -43,14 +32,11 @@ file(GLOB_RECURSE source_all ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/*.cc)
 
 set(UNIT_SOURCE ${source_all})
 
-aux_source_directory(. SRC_LIST)
-
 set(unit_test_sources
-        ${UNIT_SOURCE}
-        ${WAMR_RUNTIME_LIB_SOURCE}
-        ${UNCOMMON_SHARED_SOURCE}
-        ${SRC_LIST}
-        )
+  ${UNIT_SOURCE}
+  ${WAMR_RUNTIME_LIB_SOURCE}
+  ${UNCOMMON_SHARED_SOURCE}
+)
 
 # Now simply link against gtest or gtest_main as needed. Eg
 add_executable(memory64_test ${unit_test_sources})
diff --git a/tests/unit/running-modes/CMakeLists.txt b/tests/unit/running-modes/CMakeLists.txt
index 5fc6a80bce..3a5ca4745a 100644
--- a/tests/unit/running-modes/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/tests/unit/running-modes/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -5,52 +5,51 @@ cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.14)
 
 project(test-running-modes)
 
-# Compile wasm modules
-add_subdirectory(wasm-apps)
+set(WASI_SDK_DIR "/opt/wasi-sdk")
+set(WASISDK_TOOLCHAIN "${WASI_SDK_DIR}/share/cmake/wasi-sdk.cmake")
+
+include(ExternalProject)
+ExternalProject_Add(
+  test-running-modes-wasm-apps
+  SOURCE_DIR ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/wasm-apps
+  BUILD_ALWAYS YES
+  CONFIGURE_COMMAND ${CMAKE_COMMAND} -S ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/wasm-apps -B build
+                      -DWASI_SDK_PREFIX=${WASI_SDK_DIR}
+                      -DCMAKE_TOOLCHAIN_FILE=${WASISDK_TOOLCHAIN}
+  BUILD_COMMAND     ${CMAKE_COMMAND} --build build
+  INSTALL_COMMAND   ${CMAKE_COMMAND} --install build --prefix ${CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR}
+)
 
 add_definitions(-DRUN_ON_LINUX)
 
+set(WAMR_BUILD_LIBC_BUILTIN 1)
+set(WAMR_BUILD_MULTI_MODULE 0)
 set(WAMR_BUILD_LIBC_WASI 1)
 set(WAMR_BUILD_APP_FRAMEWORK 0)
 set(WAMR_BUILD_JIT 1)
 set(WAMR_BUILD_FAST_JIT 1)
+set(WAMR_BUILD_REF_TYPES 1)
 
 # if only load this CMake other than load it as subdirectory
 include(../unit_common.cmake)
 
-set(LLVM_SRC_ROOT "${WAMR_ROOT_DIR}/core/deps/llvm")
-
-if (NOT EXISTS "${LLVM_SRC_ROOT}/build")
-    message(FATAL_ERROR "Cannot find LLVM dir: ${LLVM_SRC_ROOT}/build")
-endif ()
-
-set(CMAKE_PREFIX_PATH "${LLVM_SRC_ROOT}/build;${CMAKE_PREFIX_PATH}")
 find_package(LLVM REQUIRED CONFIG)
 include_directories(${LLVM_INCLUDE_DIRS})
 add_definitions(${LLVM_DEFINITIONS})
-message(STATUS "Found LLVM ${LLVM_PACKAGE_VERSION}")
-message(STATUS "Using LLVMConfig.cmake in: ${LLVM_DIR}")
-
-include(${IWASM_DIR}/compilation/iwasm_compl.cmake)
 
 include_directories(${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR})
 
-file(GLOB_RECURSE source_all ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/*.cc)
-
-set(UNIT_SOURCE ${source_all})
-
-aux_source_directory(. SRC_LIST)
+aux_source_directory(${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR} SRC_LIST)
 
 set(unit_test_sources
-        ${UNIT_SOURCE}
-        ${WAMR_RUNTIME_LIB_SOURCE}
-        ${UNCOMMON_SHARED_SOURCE}
-        ${SRC_LIST}
-        )
+  ${WAMR_RUNTIME_LIB_SOURCE}
+  ${UNCOMMON_SHARED_SOURCE}
+  ${SRC_LIST}
+)
 
 # Now simply link against gtest or gtest_main as needed. Eg
 add_executable(wasm_running_modes_test ${unit_test_sources})
-
 target_link_libraries(wasm_running_modes_test ${LLVM_AVAILABLE_LIBS} gtest_main)
+add_dependencies(wasm_running_modes_test test-running-modes-wasm-apps)
 
 gtest_discover_tests(wasm_running_modes_test)
diff --git a/tests/unit/running-modes/wasm-apps/CMakeLists.txt b/tests/unit/running-modes/wasm-apps/CMakeLists.txt
index b2f1e9c0c5..c840169379 100644
--- a/tests/unit/running-modes/wasm-apps/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/tests/unit/running-modes/wasm-apps/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -4,46 +4,30 @@
 cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.14)
 project(wasm-apps)
 
-set(WAMR_ROOT_DIR ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/../../../..)
-
-set(CMAKE_SYSTEM_PROCESSOR wasm32)
-set(CMAKE_SYSROOT ${WAMR_ROOT_DIR}/wamr-sdk/app/libc-builtin-sysroot)
-
-if (NOT DEFINED WASI_SDK_DIR)
-    set(WASI_SDK_DIR "/opt/wasi-sdk")
-endif ()
-
-set(CMAKE_C_FLAGS "-nostdlib -pthread -Qunused-arguments")
-set(CMAKE_C_FLAGS "${CMAKE_C_FLAGS} -z stack-size=8192 -nostdlib")
-set(CMAKE_C_COMPILER_TARGET "wasm32")
-set(CMAKE_C_COMPILER "${WASI_SDK_DIR}/bin/clang")
-
-set(DEFINED_SYMBOLS
-        "${WAMR_ROOT_DIR}/wamr-sdk/app/libc-builtin-sysroot/share/defined-symbols.txt")
-
-set(CMAKE_EXE_LINKER_FLAGS
-        "-Wl,--no-entry           \
-      -Wl,--initial-memory=65536  \
-      -Wl,--export-all            \
-      -Wl,--allow-undefined"
-        )
-
 add_executable(mytest.wasm mytest.c)
-target_link_libraries(mytest.wasm)
+target_compile_options(mytest.wasm PUBLIC -nostdlib)
+target_link_options(mytest.wasm PRIVATE
+  -nostdlib
+  LINKER:--allow-undefined
+  LINKER:--export-all
+  LINKER:--initial-memory=131072
+  LINKER:--no-entry
+)
 
 add_executable(hello.wasm hello.c)
-target_link_libraries(hello.wasm)
-
-add_custom_command(TARGET hello.wasm POST_BUILD
-        COMMAND ${CMAKE_COMMAND} -E copy
-        ${CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR}/hello.wasm
-        ${CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR}/../
-        COMMENT "Copy hello.wasm to the same directory of google test"
-        )
-
-add_custom_command(TARGET mytest.wasm POST_BUILD
-        COMMAND ${CMAKE_COMMAND} -E copy
-        ${CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR}/mytest.wasm
-        ${CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR}/../
-        COMMENT "Copy mytest.wasm to the same directory of google test"
-        )
+target_compile_options(hello.wasm PUBLIC -nostdlib)
+target_link_options(hello.wasm PRIVATE
+  -nostdlib
+  LINKER:--allow-undefined
+  LINKER:--export-all
+  LINKER:--initial-memory=131072
+  LINKER:--no-entry
+)
+
+# install .wasm
+set(
+  WASM_FILES
+  ${CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR}/hello.wasm
+  ${CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR}/mytest.wasm
+)
+install(FILES ${WASM_FILES} DESTINATION .)
diff --git a/tests/unit/runtime-common/CMakeLists.txt b/tests/unit/runtime-common/CMakeLists.txt
index 21e5a917f2..9ef07ff50c 100644
--- a/tests/unit/runtime-common/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/tests/unit/runtime-common/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -7,23 +7,20 @@ project(test-runtime-common)
 
 add_definitions(-DRUN_ON_LINUX)
 
-set(WAMR_BUILD_LIBC_WASI 0)
-set(WAMR_BUILD_APP_FRAMEWORK 0)
+set (WAMR_BUILD_AOT 1)
+set (WAMR_BUILD_FAST_INTERP 0)
+set (WAMR_BUILD_INTERP 1)
+set (WAMR_BUILD_JIT 0)
+set (WAMR_BUILD_LIBC_WASI 0)
+set (WAMR_BUILD_LIBC_BUILTIN 1)
+set (WAMR_BUILD_APP_FRAMEWORK 0)
+set (WAMR_BUILD_MULTI_MODULE 1)
 
 include(../unit_common.cmake)
 
-set(LLVM_SRC_ROOT "${WAMR_ROOT_DIR}/core/deps/llvm")
-
-if(NOT EXISTS "${LLVM_SRC_ROOT}/build")
-  message(FATAL_ERROR "Cannot find LLVM dir: ${LLVM_SRC_ROOT}/build")
-endif()
-
-set(CMAKE_PREFIX_PATH "${LLVM_SRC_ROOT}/build;${CMAKE_PREFIX_PATH}")
 find_package(LLVM REQUIRED CONFIG)
 include_directories(${LLVM_INCLUDE_DIRS})
 add_definitions(${LLVM_DEFINITIONS})
-message(STATUS "Found LLVM ${LLVM_PACKAGE_VERSION}")
-message(STATUS "Using LLVMConfig.cmake in: ${LLVM_DIR}")
 
 include_directories(${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR})
 
@@ -31,13 +28,10 @@ file(GLOB_RECURSE source_all ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/*.cc)
 
 set(UNIT_SOURCE ${source_all})
 
-aux_source_directory(. SRC_LIST)
-
 set(unit_test_sources
   ${UNIT_SOURCE}
   ${WAMR_RUNTIME_LIB_SOURCE}
   ${UNCOMMON_SHARED_SOURCE}
-  ${SRC_LIST}
 )
 
 add_executable(runtime_common_test ${unit_test_sources})
@@ -45,11 +39,8 @@ add_executable(runtime_common_test ${unit_test_sources})
 target_link_libraries(runtime_common_test ${LLVM_AVAILABLE_LIBS} gtest_main)
 
 # Ensure that aot compiled is completed before linear_memory_test_aot is built
-set(dummy_output "${CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR}/dummy_output")
-
-add_custom_command(OUTPUT ${dummy_output}
+add_custom_command(OUTPUT ${CMAKE_CURRENT_LIST_DIR}/wasm-apps/main.aot
   COMMAND ./build_aot.sh
-  COMMAND ${CMAKE_COMMAND} -E touch ${dummy_output}
   WORKING_DIRECTORY ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}
   DEPENDS ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/build_aot.sh
   COMMENT "Executing script to compile aot files"
@@ -58,15 +49,15 @@ add_custom_command(OUTPUT ${dummy_output}
 
 add_custom_target(
   BuildAot ALL
-  DEPENDS ${dummy_output}
+  DEPENDS ${CMAKE_CURRENT_LIST_DIR}/wasm-apps/main.aot
 )
 
 add_dependencies(runtime_common_test BuildAot)
 
 add_custom_command(TARGET runtime_common_test POST_BUILD
   COMMAND ${CMAKE_COMMAND} -E copy
-  ${CMAKE_CURRENT_LIST_DIR}/wasm-apps/main.wasm ${CMAKE_CURRENT_LIST_DIR}/wasm-apps/main.aot
-  ${CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR}
+    ${CMAKE_CURRENT_LIST_DIR}/wasm-apps/main.wasm ${CMAKE_CURRENT_LIST_DIR}/wasm-apps/main.aot
+    ${CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR}
   COMMENT "Copy main.wasm and main.aot to the directory: build/runtime-common."
 )
 
diff --git a/tests/unit/runtime-common/wasm_runtime_common_test.cc b/tests/unit/runtime-common/wasm_runtime_common_test.cc
index 15a02673b2..01a7b5aa49 100644
--- a/tests/unit/runtime-common/wasm_runtime_common_test.cc
+++ b/tests/unit/runtime-common/wasm_runtime_common_test.cc
@@ -360,39 +360,6 @@ TEST_F(wasm_runtime_common_test_suite, functions_on_wasm_module)
     exception_test = wasm_runtime_get_exception(wasm_module_inst);
     EXPECT_NE(nullptr, exception_test);
 
-    WASMFunctionInstance func_test_1;
-    WASMFunction wasm_func_test;
-    WASMType wasm_type_test;
-    wasm_func_test.func_type = &wasm_type_test;
-    func_test_1.u.func = &wasm_func_test;
-    func_test_1.u.func->func_type->param_count = 1;
-    func_test_1.u.func->func_type->param_cell_num = 2;
-    func_test_1.u.func->func_type->types[0] = VALUE_TYPE_I64;
-    func_test_1.u.func->max_stack_cell_num = 10;
-    EXPECT_EQ(false, wasm_runtime_call_wasm_v(
-                         exec_env, (WASMFunctionInstanceCommon *)(&func_test_1),
-                         0, nullptr, 1, arguments));
-    func_test_1.u.func->func_type->types[0] = VALUE_TYPE_F32;
-    EXPECT_EQ(false, wasm_runtime_call_wasm_v(
-                         exec_env, (WASMFunctionInstanceCommon *)(&func_test_1),
-                         0, nullptr, 1, arguments));
-    func_test_1.u.func->func_type->types[0] = VALUE_TYPE_F64;
-    EXPECT_EQ(false, wasm_runtime_call_wasm_v(
-                         exec_env, (WASMFunctionInstanceCommon *)(&func_test_1),
-                         0, nullptr, 1, arguments));
-
-#if 0
-    WASMFunctionInstance func_test;
-    WASMFunctionImport func_import_test;
-    WASMType *func_type_1 = nullptr;
-    func_import_test.func_type = func_type;
-    func_test.u.func_import = &func_import_test;
-    func_test.is_import_func = true;
-    func_type_1 = wasm_runtime_get_function_type(&func_test,
-                                                 wasm_module_inst->module_type);
-    EXPECT_NE(func_type_1, nullptr);
-#endif
-
     EXPECT_EQ(true, wasm_runtime_create_exec_env_singleton(wasm_module_inst));
     EXPECT_NE(nullptr, wasm_runtime_get_exec_env_singleton(wasm_module_inst));
 
diff --git a/tests/unit/shared-heap/CMakeLists.txt b/tests/unit/shared-heap/CMakeLists.txt
index fa7067918a..e1e7a1a9a3 100644
--- a/tests/unit/shared-heap/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/tests/unit/shared-heap/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -29,19 +29,6 @@ endif ()
 # if only load this CMake other than load it as subdirectory
 include(../unit_common.cmake)
 
-set(LLVM_SRC_ROOT "${WAMR_ROOT_DIR}/core/deps/llvm")
-
-if (NOT EXISTS "${LLVM_SRC_ROOT}/build")
-    message(FATAL_ERROR "Cannot find LLVM dir: ${LLVM_SRC_ROOT}/build")
-endif ()
-
-set(CMAKE_PREFIX_PATH "${LLVM_SRC_ROOT}/build;${CMAKE_PREFIX_PATH}")
-find_package(LLVM REQUIRED CONFIG)
-include_directories(${LLVM_INCLUDE_DIRS})
-add_definitions(${LLVM_DEFINITIONS})
-message(STATUS "Found LLVM ${LLVM_PACKAGE_VERSION}")
-message(STATUS "Using LLVMConfig.cmake in: ${LLVM_DIR}")
-
 include(${IWASM_DIR}/compilation/iwasm_compl.cmake)
 
 include_directories(${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR})
@@ -50,18 +37,15 @@ file(GLOB_RECURSE source_all ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/*.cc)
 
 set(UNIT_SOURCE ${source_all})
 
-aux_source_directory(. SRC_LIST)
-
 set(unit_test_sources
-        ${UNIT_SOURCE}
-        ${WAMR_RUNTIME_LIB_SOURCE}
-        ${UNCOMMON_SHARED_SOURCE}
-        ${SRC_LIST}
-        )
+  ${UNIT_SOURCE}
+  ${WAMR_RUNTIME_LIB_SOURCE}
+  ${UNCOMMON_SHARED_SOURCE}
+)
 
 # Now simply link against gtest or gtest_main as needed. Eg
 add_executable(shared_heap_test ${unit_test_sources})
 
-target_link_libraries(shared_heap_test ${LLVM_AVAILABLE_LIBS} gtest_main)
+target_link_libraries(shared_heap_test gtest_main)
 
 gtest_discover_tests(shared_heap_test)
diff --git a/tests/unit/shared-utils/CMakeLists.txt b/tests/unit/shared-utils/CMakeLists.txt
index 47b6b835ba..c6f250e6df 100644
--- a/tests/unit/shared-utils/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/tests/unit/shared-utils/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -7,6 +7,10 @@ project (test-shared-utils)
 
 add_definitions (-DRUN_ON_LINUX)
 
+set (WAMR_BUILD_AOT 0)
+set (WAMR_BUILD_FAST_INTERP 0)
+set (WAMR_BUILD_INTERP 1)
+set (WAMR_BUILD_JIT 0)
 set (WAMR_BUILD_LIBC_WASI 0)
 set (WAMR_BUILD_APP_FRAMEWORK 0)
 
@@ -19,8 +23,8 @@ file (GLOB_RECURSE source_all ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/*.cc)
 set (UNIT_SOURCE ${source_all})
 
 set (unit_test_sources
-    ${UNIT_SOURCE}
-    ${WAMR_RUNTIME_LIB_SOURCE}
+  ${UNIT_SOURCE}
+  ${WAMR_RUNTIME_LIB_SOURCE}
 )
 
 add_executable (shared_utils_test ${unit_test_sources})
diff --git a/tests/unit/unit_common.cmake b/tests/unit/unit_common.cmake
index 66c50b7e8c..53e9ae50df 100644
--- a/tests/unit/unit_common.cmake
+++ b/tests/unit/unit_common.cmake
@@ -1,26 +1,14 @@
 # Copyright (C) 2019 Intel Corporation.  All rights reserved.
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
 
-# Yes. To solve the compatibility issue with CMAKE (>= 4.0), we need to update
-# our `cmake_minimum_required()` to 3.5. However, there are CMakeLists.txt
-# from 3rd parties that we should not alter. Therefore, in addition to
-# changing the `cmake_minimum_required()`, we should also add a configuration
-# here that is compatible with earlier versions.
-set(CMAKE_POLICY_VERSION_MINIMUM 3.5 FORCE)
-
 if (NOT DEFINED WAMR_BUILD_PLATFORM)
   set (WAMR_BUILD_PLATFORM "linux")
 endif ()
 
-set (UNIT_ROOT_DIR ${CMAKE_CURRENT_LIST_DIR})
-
-include_directories(${UNIT_ROOT_DIR})
-
 enable_language (ASM)
 
-# Reset default linker flags
-set (CMAKE_SHARED_LIBRARY_LINK_C_FLAGS "")
-set (CMAKE_SHARED_LIBRARY_LINK_CXX_FLAGS "")
+# Usually, test cases should identify their unique
+# complation flags to implement their test plan
 
 # Set WAMR_BUILD_TARGET, currently values supported:
 # "X86_64", "AMD_64", "X86_32", "ARM_32", "MIPS_32", "XTENSA_32"
@@ -34,52 +22,6 @@ if (NOT DEFINED WAMR_BUILD_TARGET)
   endif ()
 endif ()
 
-if (NOT CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE)
-  set (CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE Debug)
-endif ()
-
-if (NOT DEFINED WAMR_BUILD_INTERP)
-  # Enable Interpreter by default
-  set (WAMR_BUILD_INTERP 1)
-endif ()
-
-if (NOT DEFINED WAMR_BUILD_AOT)
-  # Enable AOT by default.
-  set (WAMR_BUILD_AOT 1)
-endif ()
-
-if (NOT DEFINED WAMR_BUILD_JIT)
-  # Disable JIT by default.
-  set (WAMR_BUILD_JIT 0)
-endif ()
-
-if (NOT DEFINED WAMR_BUILD_LIBC_BUILTIN)
-  # Enable libc builtin support by default
-  set (WAMR_BUILD_LIBC_BUILTIN 1)
-endif ()
-
-if (NOT DEFINED WAMR_BUILD_LIBC_WASI)
-  # Enable libc wasi support by default
-  set (WAMR_BUILD_LIBC_WASI 1)
-endif ()
-
-if (NOT DEFINED WAMR_BUILD_MULTI_MODULE)
-  set (WAMR_BUILD_MULTI_MODULE 1)
-endif()
-
-if (NOT DEFINED WAMR_BUILD_APP_FRAMEWORK)
-  set (WAMR_BUILD_APP_FRAMEWORK 1)
-endif ()
-
-if (COLLECT_CODE_COVERAGE EQUAL 1)
-  set (CMAKE_C_FLAGS "${CMAKE_C_FLAGS} -fprofile-arcs -ftest-coverage")
-  set (CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS "${CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS} -fprofile-arcs -ftest-coverage")
-endif ()
-
-set (CMAKE_EXE_LINKER_FLAGS "${CMAKE_EXE_LINKER_FLAGS} -Wl,--gc-sections")
-set (CMAKE_C_FLAGS "${CMAKE_C_FLAGS} -std=gnu99 -ffunction-sections -fdata-sections \
-                                     -Wall -Wno-unused-parameter -Wno-pedantic")
-
 set (WAMR_ROOT_DIR ${CMAKE_CURRENT_LIST_DIR}/../..)
 
 # include the build config template file
@@ -90,23 +32,20 @@ include_directories (${SHARED_DIR}/include
 
 include (${SHARED_DIR}/utils/uncommon/shared_uncommon.cmake)
 
-if (NOT (GOOGLETEST_INCLUDED EQUAL 1))
-# Prevent overriding the parent project's compiler/linker
-# settings on Windows
-set (gtest_force_shared_crt ON CACHE BOOL "" FORCE)
-
-# Fetch Google test
-include (FetchContent)
-FetchContent_Declare (
-    googletest
-    URL https://github.com/google/googletest/archive/03597a01ee50ed33e9dfd640b249b4be3799d395.zip
-)
-FetchContent_MakeAvailable (googletest)
-
-endif()
-
 # Add helper classes
 include_directories(${CMAKE_CURRENT_LIST_DIR}/common)
 
-message ("unit_common.cmake included")
+# config_common.cmake only sets up the llvm environment when
+# JIT is enabled. but in unit tests, we need llvm environment
+# for aot compilation.
+if (NOT DEFINED LLVM_DIR)
+  set (LLVM_SRC_ROOT "${WAMR_ROOT_DIR}/core/deps/llvm")
+  set (LLVM_BUILD_ROOT "${LLVM_SRC_ROOT}/build")
+  if (NOT EXISTS "${LLVM_BUILD_ROOT}")
+      message (FATAL_ERROR "Cannot find LLVM dir: ${LLVM_BUILD_ROOT}")
+  endif ()
+  set (CMAKE_PREFIX_PATH "${LLVM_BUILD_ROOT};${CMAKE_PREFIX_PATH}")
+  set (LLVM_DIR ${LLVM_BUILD_ROOT}/lib/cmake/llvm)
+endif ()
 
+message(STATUS "unit_common.cmake included")
diff --git a/tests/unit/wasm-c-api/CMakeLists.txt b/tests/unit/wasm-c-api/CMakeLists.txt
index 95cbfbd544..3150c93254 100644
--- a/tests/unit/wasm-c-api/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/tests/unit/wasm-c-api/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -4,14 +4,8 @@
 cmake_minimum_required (VERSION 3.14)
 project (wasm_c_api_test)
 
-################  runtime settings  ################
-set(CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE Debug)
 set(WAMR_BUILD_PLATFORM "linux")
 
-# Resetdefault linker flags
-set(CMAKE_SHARED_LIBRARY_LINK_C_FLAGS "")
-set(CMAKE_SHARED_LIBRARY_LINK_CXX_FLAGS "")
-
 # WAMR features switch
 if (NOT DEFINED WAMR_BUILD_TARGET)
   set(WAMR_BUILD_TARGET "X86_64")
@@ -23,49 +17,8 @@ set(WAMR_BUILD_LIBC_BUILTIN 1)
 set(WAMR_BUILD_LIBC_WASI 0)
 set(WAMR_BUILD_FAST_INTERP 0)
 
-# compiling and linking flags
-set(CMAKE_EXE_LINKER_FLAGS "${CMAKE_EXE_LINKER_FLAGS} -Wl,--gc-sections -pie -fPIE")
-
-# build out vmlib
-# hard code path here
-set(WAMR_ROOT_DIR ${CMAKE_CURRENT_LIST_DIR}/../../..)
-include (${WAMR_ROOT_DIR}/build-scripts/runtime_lib.cmake)
-
-add_library(vmlib STATIC ${WAMR_RUNTIME_LIB_SOURCE})
-################################################
-
-################  unit test related  ################
-
-# Yes. To solve the compatibility issue with CMAKE (>= 4.0), we need to update
-# our `cmake_minimum_required()` to 3.5. However, there are CMakeLists.txt
-# from 3rd parties that we should not alter. Therefore, in addition to
-# changing the `cmake_minimum_required()`, we should also add a configuration
-# here that is compatible with earlier versions.
-set(CMAKE_POLICY_VERSION_MINIMUM 3.5 FORCE)
-
-# Add googletest directly to our build. This defines
-# the gtest and gtest_main targets.
-
-if (NOT (GOOGLETEST_INCLUDED EQUAL 1))
-# Prevent overriding the parent project's compiler/linker
-# settings on Windows
-set (gtest_force_shared_crt ON CACHE BOOL "" FORCE)
-
-# Fetch Google test
-include (FetchContent)
-FetchContent_Declare (
-    googletest
-    URL https://github.com/google/googletest/archive/03597a01ee50ed33e9dfd640b249b4be3799d395.zip
-)
-FetchContent_MakeAvailable (googletest)
-endif()
-
-enable_testing()
-
-add_executable(wasm_c_api_test
-  basic.cc
-)
-
-target_link_libraries(wasm_c_api_test vmlib gtest_main)
+include (../unit_common.cmake)
 
+add_executable(wasm_c_api_test basic.cc ${WAMR_RUNTIME_LIB_SOURCE})
+target_link_libraries(wasm_c_api_test gtest_main)
 gtest_discover_tests(wasm_c_api_test)
diff --git a/tests/unit/wasm-vm/CMakeLists.txt b/tests/unit/wasm-vm/CMakeLists.txt
index 6242a48b99..431b945450 100644
--- a/tests/unit/wasm-vm/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/tests/unit/wasm-vm/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -7,14 +7,21 @@ project (test-wasm-vm)
 
 add_definitions (-DRUN_ON_LINUX)
 
+set(WAMR_BUILD_AOT 0)
+set(WAMR_BUILD_FAST_INTERP 0)
+set(WAMR_BUILD_INTERP 1)
+set(WAMR_BUILD_JIT 0)
+set(WAMR_BUILD_LIBC_BUILTIN 1)
+
 add_definitions (-Dattr_container_malloc=malloc)
 add_definitions (-Dattr_container_free=free)
 
-set (WAMR_BUILD_APP_FRAMEWORK 1)
-set (CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE Release)
-
 include (../unit_common.cmake)
 
+find_package(LLVM REQUIRED CONFIG)
+include_directories(${LLVM_INCLUDE_DIRS})
+add_definitions(${LLVM_DEFINITIONS})
+
 include_directories (${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR})
 
 file (GLOB_RECURSE source_all ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/*.cc)
@@ -22,21 +29,10 @@ file (GLOB_RECURSE source_all ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/*.cc)
 set (UNIT_SOURCE ${source_all})
 
 set (unit_test_sources
-     ${UNIT_SOURCE}
-     ${PLATFORM_SHARED_SOURCE}
-     ${UTILS_SHARED_SOURCE}
-     ${MEM_ALLOC_SHARED_SOURCE}
-     ${LIB_HOST_AGENT_SOURCE}
-     ${NATIVE_INTERFACE_SOURCE}
-     ${LIBC_BUILTIN_SOURCE}
-     ${LIBC_WASI_SOURCE}
-     ${IWASM_COMMON_SOURCE}
-     ${IWASM_INTERP_SOURCE}
-     ${IWASM_AOT_SOURCE}
-     ${IWASM_COMPL_SOURCE}
-     ${WASM_APP_LIB_SOURCE_ALL}
-     ${UNCOMMON_SHARED_SOURCE}
-    )
+  ${UNIT_SOURCE}
+  ${WAMR_RUNTIME_LIB_SOURCE}
+  ${UNCOMMON_SHARED_SOURCE}
+)
 
 # Now simply link against gtest or gtest_main as needed. Eg
 add_executable(wasm_vm_test ${unit_test_sources})
diff --git a/tests/wamr-test-suites/spec-test-script/collect_coverage.sh b/tests/wamr-test-suites/spec-test-script/collect_coverage.sh
index 0091e76496..12bee733a4 100755
--- a/tests/wamr-test-suites/spec-test-script/collect_coverage.sh
+++ b/tests/wamr-test-suites/spec-test-script/collect_coverage.sh
@@ -28,10 +28,12 @@ echo "Start to collect code coverage of ${SRC_COV_DIR} .."
 pushd ${SRC_COV_DIR} > /dev/null 2>&1
 
 # collect all code coverage data
-lcov -q -o ${SRC_TEMP_COV_FILE} -c -d . --rc lcov_branch_coverage=1
+# for lcov 2.x: ignore-errors mismatch,negative
+lcov -q -o ${SRC_TEMP_COV_FILE} -c -d . --rc lcov_branch_coverage=1 --rc geninfo_unexecuted_blocks=1
 # extract code coverage data of WAMR source files
+# for lcov 2.x: ignore-errors unused
 lcov -q -r ${SRC_TEMP_COV_FILE} -o ${SRC_TEMP_COV_FILE} \
-     -rc lcov_branch_coverage=1 \
+     -rc lcov_branch_coverage=1\
      "*/usr/*" "*/_deps/*" "*/deps/*" "*/tests/unit/*" \
      "*/llvm/include/*" "*/include/llvm/*" "*/samples/*" \
     "*/test-tools/*" "*/tests/standalone/*" "*/tests/*"
diff --git a/tests/wamr-test-suites/test_wamr.sh b/tests/wamr-test-suites/test_wamr.sh
index 1edf363bcb..974db1d2c1 100755
--- a/tests/wamr-test-suites/test_wamr.sh
+++ b/tests/wamr-test-suites/test_wamr.sh
@@ -39,8 +39,8 @@ function help()
     echo "-F set the firmware path used by qemu"
     echo "-C enable code coverage collect"
     echo "-j set the platform to test"
-    echo "-T set the sanitizer(s) used during testing. It can be either a comma-separated list 
-                                            (e.g., ubsan, asan) or a single option 
+    echo "-T set the sanitizer(s) used during testing. It can be either a comma-separated list
+                                            (e.g., ubsan, asan) or a single option
                                             (e.g., ubsan, tsan, asan, posan)."
     echo "-A use the specified wamrc command instead of building it"
     echo "-N enable extended const expression feature"
@@ -329,14 +329,14 @@ function unit_test()
     echo "Now start unit tests"
 
     cd ${WORK_DIR}
-    rm -fr unittest-build && mkdir unittest-build
-    cd unittest-build
+    rm -fr unittest-build
 
     echo "Build unit test"
     touch ${REPORT_DIR}/unit_test_report.txt
-    cmake ${WORK_DIR}/../../unit -DCOLLECT_CODE_COVERAGE=${COLLECT_CODE_COVERAGE}
-    make -j
-    make test | tee -a ${REPORT_DIR}/unit_test_report.txt
+    cmake -S ${WORK_DIR}/../../unit -B unittest-build \
+      -DCOLLECT_CODE_COVERAGE=${COLLECT_CODE_COVERAGE}
+    cmake --build unittest-build
+    ctest --test-dir unittest-build --output-on-failure | tee -a ${REPORT_DIR}/unit_test_report.txt
 
     echo "Finish unit tests"
 }
@@ -503,7 +503,7 @@ function spec_test()
         git reset --hard 8d4f6aa2b00a8e7c0174410028625c6a176db8a1
         # ignore import table cases
         git apply --ignore-whitespace ../../spec-test-script/extended_const.patch || exit 1
-        
+
     elif [[ ${ENABLE_MEMORY64} == 1 ]]; then
         echo "checkout spec for memory64 proposal"
 
@@ -1187,7 +1187,15 @@ function trigger()
 }
 
 # if collect code coverage, ignore -s, test all test cases.
-if [[ $TEST_CASE_ARR ]];then
+if [[ $TEST_CASE_ARR == "unit" ]];then
+    # unit test cases are designed with specific compilation flags
+    # and run under specific modes.
+    # There is no need to loop through all running modes in this script.
+    unit_test || (echo "TEST FAILED"; exit 1)
+    collect_coverage unit
+    echo "JUST SKIP UNIT TEST NOW"
+elif [[ $TEST_CASE_ARR == "spec" ]];then
+    # loop through all running modes
     trigger || (echo "TEST FAILED"; exit 1)
 else
     # test all suite, ignore polybench and libsodium because of long time cost
@@ -1200,6 +1208,7 @@ else
         TEST_CASE_ARR+=("libsodium")
     fi
     '
+    # loop through all running modes
     trigger || (echo "TEST FAILED"; exit 1)
     # Add more suites here
 fi