refactor: 移除 CLI 中过宽的异常捕获

- 移除所有 16 个 except Exception 块
- 只保留对特定异常的捕获 (StorageError, ConfigError, SearchError 等)
- 允许未知异常自然传播，便于调试
- 保留嵌入功能的可选异常处理

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Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.5 <[email protected]>

Author: catlog22