You signed in with another tab or window. Reload to refresh your session.You signed out in another tab or window. Reload to refresh your session.You switched accounts on another tab or window. Reload to refresh your session.Dismiss alert
The IP validation method aims to identify all of the IP addresses that a bot may use to send requests.
13
+
14
+
Cloudflare can achieve this in two ways:
15
+
16
+
-**Using IP list provided by the bot owner**: The bot owner can host a public list of IP ranges (for example, [Googlebot's list](https://developers.google.com/static/search/apis/ipranges/googlebot.json)). Cloudflare fetches and uses this list directly for validation.
17
+
-**Using Domain-based reverse DNS**: The bot owner can provide a domain (or set of domains) that their bot requests originate from. Cloudflare collects the IP addresses observed in the requests with the bot's user agent, and performs reverse DNS lookups. If the reverse DNS of an IP resolves to one of the provided domains, Cloudflare considers it valid and stores it.
18
+
19
+
## Public IP List
20
+
21
+
To verify a bot using a public IP list, you need to provide:
22
+
23
+
- A fixed and limited set of IP addresses, which can be verified via publicly accessible plain-text, `JSON`, or `CSV`.
24
+
- IP addresses used solely by the bot owner.
25
+
- A user-agent match pattern.
26
+
27
+
## Reverse DNS
28
+
29
+
To verify a bot using reverse DNS, you need to provide:
30
+
31
+
- A list of domain suffixes to validate DNS records.
32
+
- IP addresses should have PTR records set correctly.
33
+
- A user-agent match pattern.
34
+
35
+
## Generic user-agents
36
+
37
+
User-agent patterns that match generic user-agents will be rejected by the Verified Bots API. When you add a user-agent pattern that is considered very common to the Verified Bot form, you may encounter an error message that will prompt you to correct the user-agent before you can submit again.
A **verified bot** is a bot which has been added to Cloudflare's list of <GlossaryTooltipterm="verified bot">verified bots</GlossaryTooltip>.
13
+
14
+
You can request for your bot to be added to Cloudflare's list of verified bots by filling out an [online application](https://dash.cloudflare.com/?to=/:account/configurations/verified-bots) in the Cloudflare dashboard.
15
+
16
+
## Verified bot requirement
17
+
18
+
For a bot to be verified, it must meet the following requirements:
19
+
20
+
1. The bot must follow [verified bots policy](/bots/concepts/bot/verified-bots/policy/).
21
+
2. The bot must be verified using one of the following verification methods:
Once Cloudflare verifies a bot, it will appear on the [Cloudflare Radar's list of verified bots](https://radar.cloudflare.com/verified-bots).
26
+
27
+
:::note
28
+
Bot operators who prefer not to create a free Cloudflare account can do so using our [old form](https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSdqYNuULEypMnp4i5pROSc-uP6x65Xub9svD27mb8JChA_-XA/viewform?usp=sf_link), but the waiting time is up to several weeks for verified bot requests to be evaluated.
29
+
:::
30
+
31
+
## Transient false negatives
32
+
33
+
Once Cloudflare lists a bot as a verified bot, this entry is cached and may get delisted if no traffic is seen in the Cloudflare network coming from the bot for a defined period of time.
34
+
35
+
It takes 24 hours for an inactive IP to be removed as a verified bot.
36
+
37
+
A bot can remain unlisted until Cloudflare sees traffic being sourced from the bot. When the bot is revalidated, it is listed as a verified bot again.
To submit a verified bot that Cloudflare is not [currently tracking](https://radar.cloudflare.com/verified-bots), fill out an [online application](https://dash.cloudflare.com/?to=/:account/configurations/verified-bots)in the Cloudflare dashboard for the fastest possible results. Bot operators who prefer not to create a free Cloudflare account can do so using our [old form](https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSdqYNuULEypMnp4i5pROSc-uP6x65Xub9svD27mb8JChA_-XA/viewform?usp=sf_link), but the waiting time is up to several weeks for verified bot requests to be evaluated.
12
+
Web Bot Auth is an authentication method that leverages cryptographic signatures in HTTP messages to verify that a request comes from an automated bot.
13
13
14
-
Cloudflare can verify a bot in two ways:
15
-
16
-
-**Web Bot Auth**: An authentication method which leverages cryptographic signatures in HTTP messages to verify requests that come from an automated bot.
17
-
-**IP validation**: An authentication method which identifies a bot by their range of IP addresses.
18
-
19
-
## Web Bot Auth
20
-
21
-
To authenticate a bot using Web Bot Auth, you need to:
22
-
23
-
1. Generate a valid signing key.
24
-
2. Publish and host a URL which contains the public key derived from your signing key.
25
-
3. Register your key directory URL with Cloudflare.
26
-
27
-
### 1. Generate a valid signing key
14
+
## 1. Generate a valid signing key
28
15
29
16
You need to generate a signing key which will be used to authenticate your bot's requests.
30
17
@@ -49,7 +36,7 @@ You need to generate a signing key which will be used to authenticate your bot's
49
36
50
37
By following these steps, you have generated a private key and a public key, then converted the public key to a JWK.
51
38
52
-
###2. Host a key directory
39
+
## 2. Host a key directory
53
40
54
41
You need to host a key directory which creates a way for Cloudflare to authenticate your bot's requests.
55
42
@@ -94,7 +81,7 @@ Cloudflare will ignore all other key types and key parameters except those conta
94
81
95
82
You can use the Cloudflare-developed [`http-signature-directory` CLI tool](https://crates.io/crates/http-signature-directory) to assist you in validating your directory.
96
83
97
-
###3. Register your bot and key directory
84
+
## 3. Register your bot and key directory
98
85
99
86
You need to register your bot and its key directory to add your bot to the list of verified bots.
100
87
@@ -115,99 +102,77 @@ The estimated review time is approximately 1 week.
115
102
After successful verification, you will be able to send verified requests.
116
103
:::
117
104
118
-
###4. (After verification) Sign your requests
105
+
## 4. (After verification) Sign your requests
119
106
120
107
After your bot has been successfully verified, you need to sign your bot's requests.
121
108
122
-
<Steps>
123
-
1. Choose a set of components to sign. A component is either an HTTP header, or any [derived components](https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc9421#name-derived-components) in the HTTP Message Signatures specification. Cloudflare recommends the following:
124
-
- Choose at least the `@authority` derived component, which represents the domain you are sending requests to. For example, a request to `https://example.com` will be interpreted to have an `@authority` of `example.com`.
125
-
- Use components that only contain ASCII values. HTTP Message Signature specification disallows non-ASCII characters, which will result in failure to validate your bot's requests.
126
-
127
-
:::note[Use components with only ASCII values]
128
-
Cloudflare currently does not support `bs` or `sf` parameter designed to serialize non-ASCII values into ASCII equivalents.
129
-
:::
130
-
- Add a `Content-Digest` header if you wish to sign your [message content](https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc9421#name-message-content), then specify `Content-Digest` as a component to sign.
131
-
2.[Calculate the base64 URL-encoded JWK thumbprint](https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc8037.html#appendix-A.3) associated with your Ed25519 public key registered with Cloudflare.
132
-
3. Construct a [`Signature-Input` header](https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc9421#name-the-signature-input-http-fi) over your chosen components. The header must meet the following requirements.
|`keyid`| This should be equal to the thumbprint computed in step 2. |
139
-
|`created`| This should be equal to a `Unix` timestamp associated with when the message was sent by your application. |
140
-
|`expires`| This should be equal to a `Unix` timestamp associated with when Cloudflare should no longer attempt to verify the message. A short `expires` reduces the likelihood of replay attacks, and Cloudflare recommends choosing suitable short-lived intervals. |
141
-
4. Construct a [`Signature` header](https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc9421#name-the-signature-http-field) over your chosen components.
142
-
5. Construct a [`Signature-Agent` header](https://www.ietf.org/archive/id/draft-meunier-http-message-signatures-directory-00.html#name-header-field-definition) that points to your key directory. Note that Cloudflare will fail to verify a message if:
143
-
- The message includes a `Signature-Agent` header that is not an `https://`.
144
-
- The message includes a valid URI but do not enclose it in double quotes.
145
-
- The message has a valid `Signature-Agent` header, but does not include it in the component list in `Signature-Input`.
146
-
6. Attach these three headers to your bot's requests.
A component is either an HTTP header, or any [derived components](https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc9421#name-derived-components) in the HTTP Message Signatures specification. Cloudflare recommends the following:
114
+
- Choose at least the `@authority` derived component, which represents the domain you are sending requests to. For example, a request to `https://example.com` will be interpreted to have an `@authority` of `example.com`.
115
+
- Use components that only contain ASCII values. HTTP Message Signature specification disallows non-ASCII characters, which will result in failure to validate your bot's requests.
116
+
117
+
:::note[Use components with only ASCII values]
118
+
Cloudflare currently does not support `bs` or `sf` parameter designed to serialize non-ASCII values into ASCII equivalents.
119
+
:::
120
+
- Add a `Content-Digest` header if you wish to sign your [message content](https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc9421#name-message-content), then specify `Content-Digest` as a component to sign.
162
121
163
-
##IP validation
122
+
### 4.2. Calculate the JWK thumbprint
164
123
165
-
There are two type of IP validation: public IP list and reverse DNS.
124
+
[Calculate the base64 URL-encoded JWK thumbprint](https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc8037.html#appendix-A.3) associated with your Ed25519 public key registered with Cloudflare.
166
125
167
-
### Public IP List
126
+
### 4.3. Construct the required headers
168
127
169
-
To verify a bot using a public IP list, you need to provide:
128
+
Construct the three required headers for Web Bot Auth.
170
129
171
-
- A fixed and limited set of IP addresses, which can be verified via publicly accessible plain-text, `JSON`, or `CSV`.
172
-
- IP addresses used solely by the bot owner.
173
-
- A user-agent match pattern.
130
+
#### `Signature-Input` header
174
131
175
-
### Reverse DNS
132
+
Construct a [`Signature-Input` header](https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc9421#name-the-signature-input-http-fi) over your chosen components. The header must meet the following requirements.
176
133
177
-
To verify a bot using reverse DNS, you need to provide:
|`keyid`| This should be equal to the thumbprint computed in step 2. |
139
+
|`created`| This should be equal to a `Unix` timestamp associated with when the message was sent by your application. |
140
+
|`expires`| This should be equal to a `Unix` timestamp associated with when Cloudflare should no longer attempt to verify the message. A short `expires` reduces the likelihood of replay attacks, and Cloudflare recommends choosing suitable short-lived intervals. |
178
141
179
-
- A list of domain suffixes to validate DNS records.
180
-
- IP addresses should have PTR records set correctly.
181
-
- A user-agent match pattern.
142
+
#### `Signature` header
182
143
183
-
## Generic user-agents
144
+
Construct a [`Signature` header](https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc9421#name-the-signature-http-field) over your chosen components.
184
145
185
-
User-agent patterns that match generic user-agents will be rejected by the Verified Bots API. When you add a user-agent pattern that is considered very common to the Verified Bot form, you may encounter an error message that will prompt you to correct the user-agent before you can submit again.
146
+
#### `Signature-Agent` header
186
147
187
-
Generic user-agents include:
148
+
Construct a [`Signature-Agent` header](https://www.ietf.org/archive/id/draft-meunier-http-message-signatures-directory-00.html#name-header-field-definition) that points to your key directory. Note that Cloudflare will fail to verify a message if:
149
+
- The message includes a `Signature-Agent` header that is not an `https://`.
150
+
- The message includes a valid URI but do not enclose it in double quotes.
151
+
- The message has a valid `Signature-Agent` header, but does not include it in the component list in `Signature-Input`.
188
152
189
-
-`Dart`
190
-
-`Go-http-client`
191
-
-`GuzzleHttp`
192
-
-`Google Chrome`
193
-
-`Mozilla Firefox`
194
-
-`Safari`
195
-
-`Nessus`
196
-
-`Websocket++`
197
-
-`cloudflare-go`
198
-
-`fasthttp`
199
-
-`got`
200
-
-`nginx-ssl early hints`
201
-
-`node`
202
-
-`node-fetch`
203
-
-`okhttp`
204
-
-`python-requests`
205
-
-`uTorrent`
153
+
### 4.4. Add the headers to your bot's requests
206
154
155
+
Attach these three headers to your bot's requests.
0 commit comments