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Copy file name to clipboardExpand all lines: episodes/01-introduction.md
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:::::::::::::: questions
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- What is the CMS detector?
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- What are the design objectives of the CMS detector?
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- What are the main detector components of the CMS detector?
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:::::::::::::: objectives
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The CMS experiment is 21 m long, 15 m wide and 15 m high, and sits in a cavern that could contain all the residents of Geneva; albeit not comfortably.
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The detector is like a giant filter, where each layer is designed to stop, track or measure a different type of particle emerging from proton-proton and heavy ion collisions. Finding the energy and momentum of a particle gives clues to its identity, and particular patterns of particles or “signatures” are indications of new and exciting physics
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*Above: A schematic view of the CMS detector.*
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Within the LHC, bunches of particles collide up to 40 million times per second, so a “trigger” system that saves only potentially interesting events is essential. This reduces the number recorded from one billion to around 100 per second.
Copy file name to clipboardExpand all lines: episodes/02-tracker.md
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After the pixels and on their way out of the tracker, particles pass through ten layers of silicon strip detectors, reaching out to a radius of 130 centimetres.
Copy file name to clipboardExpand all lines: episodes/03-ecal.md
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Photodetectors, which have been especially designed to work within the high magnetic field, are glued onto the back of each of the crystals to detect the scintillation light and convert it to an electrical signal that is amplified and sent for analysis. Avalanche photodiodes or APDs are used in the the crystal barrel, and vacuum phototriodes (VPTs) for the endcaps.
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*Above: Lead tungstate crystals. One can see an APD attached to the end of one of the crystals at the bottom of the image.*
*Above left: Installation of a wheel of drift tubes. Above right: event display of two muons seen in CMS with matching drift tubes.*
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The drift tube (DT) system measures muon positions in the barrel part of the detector. Each 4-cm-wide tube contains a stretched wire within a gas volume. When a muon or any charged particle passes through the volume it knocks electrons off the atoms of the gas. These follow the electric field ending up at the positively-charged wire.
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By registering where along the wire electrons hit (in the diagram, the wires are going into the page) as well as by calculating the muon's original distance away from the wire (shown here as horizontal distance and calculated by multiplying the speed of an electron in the tube by the time taken) DTs give two coordinates for the muon’s position.
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Each DT chamber, on average 2m x 2.5m in size, consists of 12 aluminium layers, arranged in three groups of four, each up with up to 60 tubes: the middle group measures the coordinate along the direction parallel to the beam and the two outside groups measure the perpendicular coordinate.
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*Above: An event display of a muon seen in DTs. The green volumes indicate the position of the triggered wires.*
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### Cathode Strip Chambers
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Cathode strip chambers (CSC) are used in the endcap disks where the magnetic field is uneven and particle rates are high.
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*Above: Installed CSCs.*
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*Above: A double muon event seen in CMS with highlighted matching CSCs (in red).*
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Because the strips and the wires are perpendicular, we get two position coordinates for each passing particle.
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In addition to providing precise space and time information, the closely spaced wires make the CSCs fast detectors suitable for triggering. Each CSC module contains six layers making it able to accurately identify muons and match their tracks to those in the tracker.
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*Above: Event display of a muon seen in CSCs. The pink lines running along the long end of the chambers indicate the triggered strips and the shorter pink lines represent the triggered wires.*
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