sql: implement new storage param in the schema changer

This commit implements the schema-change and validation logic for the
new storage param for region-column inference. This involves looking up
the referenced FK constraint on the table descriptor, and ensuring it
has the correct columns, as well as that the locality is RBR and no
computed columns reference the region column. This commit also adds
a set of logic tests for the process of setting and unsetting the
new storage param, without yet testing the (currently unimplemented)
functionality.

Informs #148243

Release note: None

Author: DrewKimball

docs/generated/settings/settings-for-tenants.txt

@@ -73,6 +73,7 @@ feature.backup.enabled	boolean	true	set to true to enable backups, false to disa
 feature.changefeed.enabled	boolean	true	set to true to enable changefeeds, false to disable; default is true	application
 feature.export.enabled	boolean	true	set to true to enable exports, false to disable; default is true	application
 feature.import.enabled	boolean	true	set to true to enable imports, false to disable; default is true	application
+feature.infer_rbr_region_col_using_constraint.enabled	boolean	false	set to true to enable looking up the region column via a foreign key constraint in a REGIONAL BY ROW table, false to disable; default is false	application
 feature.restore.enabled	boolean	true	set to true to enable restore, false to disable; default is true	application
 feature.schema_change.enabled	boolean	true	set to true to enable schema changes, false to disable; default is true	application
 feature.stats.enabled	boolean	true	set to true to enable CREATE STATISTICS/ANALYZE, false to disable; default is true	application

docs/generated/settings/settings.html

@@ -78,6 +78,7 @@
 <tr><td><div id="setting-feature-changefeed-enabled" class="anchored"><code>feature.changefeed.enabled</code></div></td><td>boolean</td><td><code>true</code></td><td>set to true to enable changefeeds, false to disable; default is true</td><td>Serverless/Dedicated/Self-Hosted</td></tr>
 <tr><td><div id="setting-feature-export-enabled" class="anchored"><code>feature.export.enabled</code></div></td><td>boolean</td><td><code>true</code></td><td>set to true to enable exports, false to disable; default is true</td><td>Serverless/Dedicated/Self-Hosted</td></tr>
 <tr><td><div id="setting-feature-import-enabled" class="anchored"><code>feature.import.enabled</code></div></td><td>boolean</td><td><code>true</code></td><td>set to true to enable imports, false to disable; default is true</td><td>Serverless/Dedicated/Self-Hosted</td></tr>
+<tr><td><div id="setting-feature-infer-rbr-region-col-using-constraint-enabled" class="anchored"><code>feature.infer_rbr_region_col_using_constraint.enabled</code></div></td><td>boolean</td><td><code>false</code></td><td>set to true to enable looking up the region column via a foreign key constraint in a REGIONAL BY ROW table, false to disable; default is false</td><td>Serverless/Dedicated/Self-Hosted</td></tr>
 <tr><td><div id="setting-feature-restore-enabled" class="anchored"><code>feature.restore.enabled</code></div></td><td>boolean</td><td><code>true</code></td><td>set to true to enable restore, false to disable; default is true</td><td>Serverless/Dedicated/Self-Hosted</td></tr>
 <tr><td><div id="setting-feature-schema-change-enabled" class="anchored"><code>feature.schema_change.enabled</code></div></td><td>boolean</td><td><code>true</code></td><td>set to true to enable schema changes, false to disable; default is true</td><td>Serverless/Dedicated/Self-Hosted</td></tr>
 <tr><td><div id="setting-feature-stats-enabled" class="anchored"><code>feature.stats.enabled</code></div></td><td>boolean</td><td><code>true</code></td><td>set to true to enable CREATE STATISTICS/ANALYZE, false to disable; default is true</td><td>Serverless/Dedicated/Self-Hosted</td></tr>

pkg/ccl/logictestccl/testdata/logic_test/regional_by_row

@@ -435,7 +435,7 @@ statement ok
 ALTER TABLE regional_by_row_table ADD CONSTRAINT unique_b_a UNIQUE(b, a)
 
 # Tests dropping a referenced column in REGIONAL BY ROW does not succeed.
-statement error cannot drop column crdb_region as it is used to store the region in a REGIONAL BY ROW table\nHINT: You must change the table locality before dropping this table
+statement error cannot drop column crdb_region as it is used to store the region in a REGIONAL BY ROW table\nHINT: You must change the table locality before dropping this column
 ALTER TABLE regional_by_row_table DROP COLUMN crdb_region
 
 # Tests changing the PK of a regional by row table.
@@ -619,7 +619,7 @@ pk  a     b     crdb_region_col
 20  NULL  NULL  ap-southeast-2
 
 # Tests dropping a referenced column in REGIONAL BY ROW does not succeed.
-statement error cannot drop column crdb_region_col as it is used to store the region in a REGIONAL BY ROW table\nHINT: You must change the table locality before dropping this table
+statement error cannot drop column crdb_region_col as it is used to store the region in a REGIONAL BY ROW table\nHINT: You must change the table locality before dropping this column
 ALTER TABLE regional_by_row_table_as DROP COLUMN crdb_region_col
 
 # Tests for altering the survivability of a REGIONAL BY ROW table.

pkg/ccl/logictestccl/testdata/logic_test/regional_by_row_foreign_key

@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ go_test(
         "//pkg/ccl/logictestccl:testdata",  # keep
     ],
     exec_properties = {"test.Pool": "large"},
-    shard_count = 21,
+    shard_count = 22,
     tags = ["cpu:4"],
     deps = [
         "//pkg/base",

pkg/ccl/logictestccl/tests/multiregion-9node-3region-3azs-no-los/BUILD.bazel

@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ go_test(
         "//pkg/ccl/logictestccl:testdata",  # keep
     ],
     exec_properties = {"test.Pool": "large"},
-    shard_count = 18,
+    shard_count = 19,
     tags = ["cpu:4"],
     deps = [
         "//pkg/base",

pkg/ccl/logictestccl/tests/multiregion-9node-3region-3azs-no-los/generated_test.go

@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ go_test(
         "//pkg/ccl/logictestccl:testdata",  # keep
     ],
     exec_properties = {"test.Pool": "large"},
-    shard_count = 9,
+    shard_count = 10,
     tags = ["cpu:4"],
     deps = [
         "//pkg/base",